Investigate a precolonial African polity in terms of its key Research Paper

Investigate a precompound African polity in terms of its key constituent institutions - Research Paper ExamplePolitical centralization was the key gene of pre-colonial institutions. Pre-colonial African polities have been in existence in the earlier years as a across-the-board ground for the provision archeological research of the civil compatibility and the country. Much of the twentieth century, pre-colonial African countries were misunderstood because of the external encouragement. Archaeological research is done on these severalizes, however, shows the native origin of the social compatibilities and the countries in Africa, putting in place valuable new ideas for the provisional research in the earlier years on the organic law of a state. It tries to analyze how the archaeologists have hand direct the state of pre-colonial in Africa, starting with listing of the colonial-era based on the state of the country and the advancement in Africa. Then followed by showing how insight s into the semipolitical processes across the continent are provided by power through a discussion of archaeologist. Major illustrations are made within all-inclusive elaborated divisions at the end of this review, (a) Driving state formation across the continent, because of the agency of indigenous political entrepreneurs. (b) How the pre-colonial African countries political contours were well shaped through having alternatives modes of power. The countries that were in place even before the colonial rule progresses to mould its recent advancement, pre-colonial countries control is attained with the recent cross country distinction in attainment of school, literacy, roads being paved, and immunization. Most of the countries in the West Africa rejected the French settlement as they had centralized form of government. Similar parts of the west Africa were among the states that received low investments in the colonial period. The pre-colonial states in Africa had all it takes to ha ve full control of the people instead of the land. Below are the several factors that led to this Agriculture, this demanded a

Dubai Global Economy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dubai Global Economy - Research Paper ExampleBesides, Dubai is recognized as the about important emirate of UAE due to its leading reserves of oil and natural gas. The nominal gross domestic product of UAE in the course of instruction 2008 was recorded as 815,318 (mn dirham) and real GDP 453,578 (mn dirham) which depicts a sustainable growth since the year 2002. Notably, the nominal GDP of UAE in 2002 was 272,856 (mn dirham) and real GDP 269,304 (mn dirham). In addition, Dubai is also the main trading area among other emirates of UAE, which offers a significant influence on the GDP of the thrift (Sementelli, A, Toward a Taxonomy of Disaster and Crisis Theories). Moreover, due to emergence of free-trade z atomic number 53s, Dubai became one of the imperative sectors of trade for the western producers, which offered significant support for the growth of financial condition within the economy of UAE. However, due to the recession of 2009, Dubai faced substantial challenges which also affected UAE to a significant extent (refer to participate 1) (Vietor, R. H. K. & Forrest, N. Dubai Global Economy). Focusing on these aspects, it can be stated that Dubai is among the most important emirates and the strategies should be considered as credible being fair and constitutional. Figure 1 UAE profile (2008) Dubai Profile (2008) GDP 84% GDP 152% Reserves N/A Reserves N/A Official Reserves 46 $ meg Official Reserves N/A External Debt 211 $ billion External debt 115 $ billion Source (Vietor, R. H. K. & Forrest, N. Dubai Global Economy, pp. 6) Question 2 According to Astley (2009), the most important reason which resulted in this financial disorder was the erroneous monetary policies of the United States. The monetary policies mainly concentrated on the activities of the commutation Bank or any other dictatorial authorities of the country that significantly helped in ascertain the extent and rate of growth of fiscal supply (Sibert, Global Imbalances and the Financial Cris i

Discussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Discussion Board - turn up ExampleThis article hopes to examine the various techniques of literary and historical condemnation as well as providing a solution for getting a clear presentation of the Bible.Historical criticism consists of various specialties such(prenominal) as tradition criticism, redaction criticism, form criticism, and source criticism. Form criticism concentrates on the numerous elements or features of the task and specifically concentrates on the oral transmission time. As its name indicates source criticism tries to recognize the applicable written sources employed by the author2. On the other hand, redaction criticism concentrate on the writers and tries to recognize the material the authors may throw off modified or added based on their specific theological viewpoints. Historical criticism is the employment of source, redaction, and form critique in combination to draw out the whole of the tradition.Literary criticism can be as easy as reading through the compose as one would read through a section of classical literature by find out literary background, devices, climax, etc. Nevertheless, a new kind of literary criticism claims for an engagement into the writing where a finding of significance happens in an encounter with God and thus prevents the small of historical criticism. Although the objectives of literary criticism appear authentic, it led to various excessive conditions such as deconstructionism, which suggested that meaning was not available in the writing alone. It was of the view that meaning was only available through an exchange between the writing and the reader. deconstructionism normally led to the reader-response concept, which in its extreme has left the meaning wholly to the reader3.The dimensions of historical criticism have the potential of resulting in an atomistic display that may entirely skip the meaning of the writing by concentrating on the section thus

Contemporary Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary prudence - Assignment ExampleCompanies that have employed the excellence tool have reported increased agility, reduce costs, increased sales, and increase in people or personnel. Although the changes may non be visible immediately, it does not take more than five years for a company to report profitability and improved performance. The newspaper publisher ends by urging companies to develop performance monitoring and increase strategies that include the use of EFQM.Over the years, the derive of companies using organisational evaluation to identify and advance their competitive position to cope with the ever-evolving milieu has been on the rise. Since the EFQM simulate came into existence in 1992, its use in companies across Europe as an outline for organisational self-evaluation has increased (Morden, 2004, p. 132).The model is now a popular self-assessment tool all oer Europe, as capital markets all over the world are developing increasing attention on the potent ial shekels and anticipated earnings of cooperate organisations (Hakes 2007). The model lies at the centre of evaluation attracting a host of reactions as to whether it is essential in influencing the bottom line of organisations. Understanding the dynamics of this model is important to many to understand its place in organisations self-assessment. This report assesses a wide range of literature and data to highlight the splendour of the EFQM model to highlight its importance in organisations.The European Foundation for type Management (EFQM) Excellence manikin stands as a basis for self-assessment and has a long and rich history. EFQM is a derivative of Total Quality Management along with other performance frameworks such as the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA, unneurotic with the Deming Prize (Boulter et al. 2013, p.198). It is used to attain the national awards such as the European Quality Award by external review started after its introduction by presidents o f several

Final BA420 paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

nett BA420 paper - Essay ExampleDue to this integral quality take aim 5 leading is be at the highest level in the hierarchy of executive capabilities. The ranking of level 5 drawship preceding(prenominal) the all four levels of attractorship indicates that a level 5 leader embody all the qualities of below 4 level. It means a level 5 leader would definitely be a passing cap commensurate individual focused towards contributing to the team resulting in him being a competent coach and an effective leader. However, besides all these qualities, he would possess the qualities of ferocious professional will, personal humility, and these two qualities ar the core ingredient that makes an individual a level 5 leader. So much so that level 5 leadership is indicated through a formula as Humility + Will = Level 5 Leadership. These core ingredients of Level 5 Leadership are what make its different from all early(a) leadership styles. All other leadership styles focus on the leader dev eloping strong will to succeed the goals and on developing the abilities to work along with the team while leading them but no other leadership style place its focus on humility of the leader like level 5 leadership do. ... n the next generation, comfortable with the idea that most heap wont til now know the roots of that victor traces back to their efforts. This broad vision of a level 5 leader that is far beyond his personal gains and achievement is what makes this leadership style different and special. In addition, a leader of such vision is necessary and important for a company if it wishes to achieve a transaction from mature to great because without such a leader a company will only be able to exhibit a consistent performance pattern instead of a growing one (Colllins,2001, pp.22). It cease be summarized that a level 5 leader is an individual who is humble and modest in his dealings but with an unwavering resolve to make the company great with the confidence to share c redit for success and accept blame for mistake. These individuals are disciplined and take responsibilities of their actions and concentrate on finding the right people to work with them so that they can setup a capable successor for the organization. Section Two Jim collins describes Colman Mockler, the chief executive officer of Gillette from 1975-1991, as an example of level 5 leaders in his book Good to swell. Mockler served 17 years in financial administration of Gillette before being appointed as CEO and COO in 1976 by his predecessor Zielger. Although Mockler was very acumen in financial information and treasury of the company, he had not much experience to lead the company. That is why he had to undergo a crash-training programme on how to run the company and prove his leadership skills before Ziegler retired (Mckibben, 2000, p 73-75). Mockler choose Stephens J Griffin, hot seat of international division, as president to work along with him indicating his intend to cont inue with the geographical expansion started in

Comparison of Poem Annabel Lee to my poem New Beginnings Essay

Comparison of Poem Annabel Lee to my poem saucily Beginnings - Essay ExampleThe most prominent example could be read in all stanzas, with the aeonian repetition of the name Annabel Lee. It is also a ballad beca give it gives the subject of the author a mystical air, with the imply of dustup such as angels, demons and heaven. The tone of the poem Annabel Lee expresses a variety of powerful emotions, commonly deep and dark. One move feel and sense a strong degree of grief, melancholy and despondency written byout the poem. An illustration of such can be seen in the 5th and 6th suck up of the 4th stanza, which reads That the wind came out of the cloud by night, Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee. The author conveyed words which are charged with all these powerful feelings so that it can have a sort of emphasised effect upon the reader, and also that the reader may emotionally understand and connect with the author. The poems phraseology is very intense and deep. It gives nu merous words that reveal the authors depth of thought and feelings. By using these words, the author then leads use of them in varied figures of speech like that of metaphors. The expression of individually word came out with much strength of delivery that it provokes the imagination of the reader to see what it is that the author is expressing through his written words. With regard to the syntax of the poem Annabel Lee, the author shifted from the normal English syntax in promote of a more poetic syntax. The use of poetic syntax helps increase the expression of emotional, psychological and spiritual impact to the reader. The poem Annabel Lee has the tendency to leave a thought or feeling short in a straining, providing a pause, as to give it a sense of melodrama. This is how most of the lines go just about throughout the poem, which gives the poem an ethereal aura. As for the rhyme scheme in Annabel Lee, much use of rhyming has been made to give it a melodious effect, and th is would make the work different from that of a prose. Such lyrical effect would make this poem a ballad. The constant repetition of the name Annabel Lee serves a purpose, which is to make emphasis on the subject of the poem, as well as to emphasize the other words that can rhyme with it. Every stanza in the poem has words in the end of each line that rhymes with the line after the one that precedes it. As for the round characteristic of the poem Annabel Lee, the poem has a structure, of which the first and endorse stanzas have six lines, the third stanza having eight lines, the fourth stanza having six lines as well, and the septetteth and eight stanzas having seven lines. Edgar Allen Poe used a mix of anapestic and iambic meters. Anapestic meter meanstwo feminine syllables followed by a upset syllable, which makes the words seem as if they have a fast paced movement, turn iambic meter means two syllables which are composed of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syl lable, which is usually the usual pacing of a person doing a casual conversation. The use of such meter characteristics gives the poem a sense of story-like movement and pacing, as much as it gives it a sort of support of its own. The poem New Beginnings has certain similarities to that of Edgar Allan Poes poem Annabel Lee. While it seems simple in language and makes use of the more contemporary casual English language, a reflection of the Romantic style is visible, through the use of words that invoke deep and intense emotions. Also, there are some interesting distinctions

The utilization of Furlough days to combat budget issues Research Paper

The utilization of sack days to fall upon budget issues - Research Paper ExampleFrom the research it is clear that the shapingal perform involves forecasting and determining the major drawbacks that may hinder effective performance of employees and finding a dour solution. Human resource concern entails measures for improving the lendplace environment, recruitment, performance and reward management among other activities that arouse the productivity of employees. Organizations maintain competitiveness done inventiveness and uniqueness in their operations. These atomic subjugate 18 accomplished through maintenance of a committed and skilled work force. High commitment among employees is important in ensuring client satisfaction. When an organization succeeds in maintaining competence and satisfaction among employees, it is able to maintain strong customer relationships as substantially as a strong brand image. These are among the aspects that determine an organizations pr oductivity since content employees are satisfied employees, who are able to own the organizational goal. Strategic human resource management involves supporting the employees to help in establishing organizational goals. Organizations that engage in employee training and supporting innovative ideas are usually competitive in the market. Strategic human resource management helps in accomplishing employee satisfaction. More over, it helps in maintaining skilled workers in the organization. However, an organization may be faced with budget issues that may hinder the accomplishment of human resource management strategies. This paper presents a critique of the utilization of Furlough days to combat budget issues. Utilization of Furlough Days Furlough days negatively affect the morale of employees callable to the breaks in their day to day activities as they are ordered to take compulsory unpaid leaves. tear down though employees maintain permanent employment in an organization, the p ractice may be frustrating to legion(predicate) since it decreases their income. Depending on the nature of the budget deficit, furlough days may be scheduled for a number of days per month or one day per week until the financial shortfall is dealt with. While an organization focuses on the shortfalls in its budget, the workload increases and employees have to be overworked to cover the days that they do not work (Whitfield & Poole, 1997). Schrader & Lawless (2004) observe that while losing the job completely may be more frustrating to the employees, the rhythmical loss of income and employment benefits through furlough days may cause resentment and the urge to ask for an alternative job and hence a high employee turn over. High employee turn over is hurtful to an organizations productivity and reputation. It is usually costly to hire and train new employees to become competent in the workplace. The organization let go ofs skilled employees to competitors, and more so, skills a ttained from the organization (Buller & McEvoy, 2012). It may be a groovy loss to the organization especially when an employee exposes company information to competitors (Luthans & Stajkovic, 1999). The future projections may not be cognize if the organization relied on training an employee to attain a particular goal in future. Customers may loose confidence in the organization due to disruption in service delivery especially when the departing employees were at strategic positions of service delivery. Other customers build their trust on particular employees especially for the services that take in one-on-one relationships (Huselid & Becker, 2011). Human resource managers need to ensure that the employee turn ove

Steve Jobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Steve Jobs - Essay ExampleHe worked with NeXT Computer and posterior on bought the Pixar in 1986. He returned to Apple in 1996 and purchased NeXT the same stratum. The company introduced products like i mac, iPod, iPad, iTunes, iPhone, Mac OS and many others. Jobs was time and again criticized for his complete mastery towards persuasion and salesmanship. He made soda water speeches and defied the odds (Siegler, 2011). Eventually he resigned in 2011 from Apple Inc. as the CEO but remained as a pivotal Chairman on the companys board. This was the background why Apples shares dropped slightly five percent in the after hour trading within the stock exchange.There was so much more that the naked eye could see when one thought of Steve Jobs. He was a born(p) leader who showcased complete control over what he did, thought and showed to the world through the different tools, gadgets and devices. This is the reason why his death is mourned across the board for a number of reasons (Apple yard, 2009). Nearly the entire planet hailed him as an exceptional human being, who changed beliefs, stood up against the tough times no matter these concerned his own individualized health domains and the ones he encountered at work. He was considered to be a very wealthy person who did non earn more than $1 jillion per year as CEO of Apple. He also held 5.426 million shares of Apple and another 138 million Disney shares. His net wealth is estimated at around $8.3 billion when the same was conducted in the year 2010, which made him Americas 42nd wealthiest individual. Steve Jobs was not known for his philanthropic acts in a public manner which is entirely opposite to how Bill Gates showcases his philanthropic role (Kopun, 2011). However, Steve Jobs was known to conduct helped the poor and needy through private acts of charity. It was in the year 2003 when Jobs was diagnosed with cancer and in the following year (2004), he announced to the Apple employees that he was suffering f rom cancer in his pancreas. He died

Joint ventures and strategic alliance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

conjugation hazards and strategic alliance - Essay ExampleIt also fosters reduction of risks and costs between the parties in incompatible argonas. Such areas include relationships with suppliers and the development of new technologies. Strategic alliances are sometimes considered to have equal magnitudes as joint ventures. The difference between the two is where an alliance can accommodate parties that are competitors, and the engagement lasts for a short time as compared to a joint venture. A joint venture, therefore, is a business placement in which the parties involved agree on certain factors towards the development of what looks like a new entity. The factors are development criteria, finite time, creation of a new entity and new assets by contribution of investment. The parties to the joint venture contribute equity. Per se, they share the expenses, assets and revenue on agreed on basis. Strategic alliances and joint ventures are searing to the organization for a number of reasons. The paper focuses on discussing these reasons and whether the reason enables the alliances and ventures to complement global mega-mergers as a global business strategy.There are several critical reasons or important factors that necessitate for the organisation of global strategic alliances and joint ventures. Per se, they are the benefits that international businesses may accrue from such alliances and ventures (Chou et al., 2014 p. 42). There are many motivational factors that may drive the firms to enter into the ventures or alliances. Per se, the use of strategic alliances and joint ventures is progressively gaining popularity. A growing number of globally multinational firms are finding it better to carry their trading operations under such umbrellas. Firms argue that under such agreements, each party can bring to the defer complementary strengths. Such powers enable the companies to gain significant competitive advantages (Chou et al. 2014, p. 42).The firms kno wledge

The Concept of Modern State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Concept of late State - Essay standardAlthough the majority of modern states fit Webers definition there are also close to states with characteristics that do not fit Webers description. For example, failure of the state to have a arrive monopoly all over the means of legitimate physical violence over a definite territory or absence of any reasons for addressing the legitimacy of such(prenominal) monopoly as rational-legal does not unavoidably mean that the state represents some other form of political organization. This state will still noticeably disagree from its predecessors (feudal and absolutist states) particularly such aspects as the degree of bureaucratization and the reliance on nationalism as a principle of legitimation (Jackson & Rosberg 1982).Formation and Attributes of the Modern StateThe basic attributes of the modern state developed over centuries. Emergence of the modern state in its topical form was preceded by a series of deliberate political, econom ic, cultural and social developments which began in Europe just about the 15th century. At that time the largest European states such as England, France and Spain ruled by powerful dynasties underwent the exhibit of centralisation of political and economic levers of control. The centralization abstruse the delineation of political boundaries when the increasingly powerful dynasties little by little eliminated other sources of power that might threaten their controls. last once-almighty Catholic Church as well as the lesser nobility lost much of their power.... or addressing the legitimacy of such monopoly as rational-legal does not necessarily mean that the state represents another form of political organization. This state will still noticeably differ from its predecessors (feudal and absolutist states) particularly such aspects as the degree of bureaucratization and the reliance on nationalism as a principle of legitimation (Jackson & Rosberg 1982). Formation and Attributes o f the Modern StateThe basic attributes of the modern state developed over centuries. Emergence of the modern state in its current form was preceded by a series of gradual political, economic, cultural and social developments which began in Europe around the 15th century. At that time the largest European states such as England, France and Spain ruled by powerful dynasties underwent the process of centralisation of political and economic levers of control. The centralization involved the delineation of political boundaries when the increasingly powerful dynasties gradually eliminated other sources of power that might threaten their controls. Eventually once-almighty Catholic Church as well as the lesser nobility lost much of their power, and the unconnected system of feudal states was replaced by another system characterised by full control over a definite geographical region and unitarism (Llewellen 1983). The political and religious conflicts that occurred within the course of the centralisation process culminated in the Peace of Westphalia (1648). This treaty is considered one of the important milestones in history of the contemporary system of nation-states the Peace prize fixed national boundaries and the sovereignty of states within their territories. Eventually, the system of centralized and increasingly bureaucratic rule cognise as

Theology essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theology - Essay ExampleSigmund Freuds discourse traces a connection between civilization and religion as an illusion. As such, at the beginning of the book he raised a critique on civilization by claiming that civilization does not intend to rear the just distribution of wealth extracted from nature but that it intends to perpetuate the current distribution of wealth and the stead of valet interrelationship (Freud, 19894-5). In this context, Freud raises the concept that although civilization is plagued with problems because it seeks to curtail the satisfaction of human instinct, it is useful for piece to create a communal relationship because it lessens the uncertainty, cruelty and control of Nature and Fate over human life. As such, it can be impugned that human civilization is a tool whose principal task , its genuine rai discussion dtre, is to defend us against nature (Freud, 198914). In this framework, the humanization of nature and fate is undertaken and is deemed instrum ental in removing the peoples fear of nature and rob nature of its capacity to destroy and annihilate humanity. Thus, this edge pave for the reenactment of ones self as a small child, in relation to ones parents. unmatched had reason to fear them, and especially ones father and yet one was sure of his protection against the dangers one knew (Freud, 198916). deep down this paradigm, man utilizes the gods with a threefold tasks they must exorcize the terrors of nature, they must reconcile men to the cruelly of Fate, in particular as it is shown in death, and they must compensate them for the sufferings and privations which a civilized life in common has compel on them(Freud, 198917). Being such, mans continued helplessness is assuaged by the protection given to them by the gods. Moreover, since the medieval period, mans relation with the gods has been transformed in the reenactment of the loving relationship between the son and the father.

Short story- A Clean, Well lighted Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short story- A Clean, Well blowsyed Place - Essay ensampleThe young waiter is very busy in his biography story and does not consider whatsoeverthing missing from his life and considers it to be complete. On the other hand, the sr.er waiter believes that his life has dressing table and he actually is fitting to relate to the old man who is sitting in the caf. It can be analyzed that religion serves to be a ray of slatternly in many peoples lives and it is missing from the lives of the two old men that is the waiter as well as the old customer. This is because they both are seeking for light and consider the illuminated surroundings of the caf to be helpful in overcoming the darkness of their lives. The older waiter portrays the emptiness in his life as well as the lives of many in these wordsWith all those who do not want to go to bed. With all those who need a light for the night. In these words, he exempts to the younger waiter that he wants to keep the caf open till late night so that people who harbour an emptiness in their life and do not seek religion as a refuge can also come and sit here because the darkness of the orbit and their life haunts them as it does not possess any purpose for them. It also explains that there are many people in this world who seek for a true reason in their life and that religion does not serve that purpose.The hearing loss of the old man portrays the truth that he has a shortcoming in his life and his in satisfaction with his life despite of the fact that he has money and his attempt to commit suicide give a clear picture that he does not believe in religion. These realities about his life also explain his lack of interest in the life of this world because he does not consider it to possess any purpose. Thus Hemingway has used the old man to convey a message that 80 years of his life along with his experience have taught him the meaning that religion is not actually a true light and path that a person should se ek. It is a rather a

To What Extent is BP Guilty of Greenwashing Literature review

To What Extent is BP Guilty of Greenwashing - Literature review ExampleThe Concise Oxford English Dictionary defines greenwashing as disinformation disseminated by an organization so as to present an environmentally responsible public image. It is argued that the presence of the countersign in the dictionary indicates the growing trend of this phenomenon among corporations.The trend of greenwashing seems to be on the rise as oil companies, known to reap heavily from degradation of the soil, pollution of the air and world(prenominal) warming, realize that they have to re-present themselves as partners towards global climate solutions, manufacturers of automobiles, jets and airplanes realise they can launder their image even as they promote their products and companies in all industries realize the importance of presenting their activities and products as climate-friendly, to make socially conscious investors and consumers more comfortable with purchase their products. In most case s, the green propaganda is also aimed at achieving an unfair advantage over competitors (BPs Rebranding,2005).Deen (2002) reports that the wave of greenwashing began more than a decade and a half back, in 1990, when on Earth Day millions of people across the world gather to protest the declining health of the planet. This made it glaringly clear to the several multinational corporations that the average human had started to enlist interest in the wellbeing of his environment.British Petroleum (BP)... The company also owns 23 refineries and 32 chemical substance manufacturing plants around the world (BPs Rebranding, 2005).In mid-2000, BP launched one of the most expensive public relations and advertising candidacy in recent times, representing the company as an environmental-friendly one and introducing a new slogan Beyond Petroleum. In marches with the campaign, the chief of the company was quoted as saying The time to consider the policy dimensions of climate change is non whe n the link between greenhouse gases and climate change is conclusively proven, but when the possibility cannot be discounted and is interpreted seriously by the society of which we are part. We in BP have reached that point. During the course of the campaign, BP touted itself as the global leader in producing the cleanest burning fossil fuel, the first company to introduce cleaner burning fuels to umteen of the worlds most polluted cities and the largest producer of solar energy in the world (BPs Rebranding, 2005).

Adam Smith and Karl Marx - Contrasting Views of Capitalism Research Paper

Adam smith and Karl Marx - Contrasting Views of Capitalism - Research Paper ExampleAdam smith was a great believer in individualistic abilities and in an economic system that was not say but guided by an invisible hand. That was the system of classes- faire. Under classic- faire production and distribution among classes is all automatic. Smiths idea was that government expenditure should be dominated by military procurals and rest of the expenditures and procurement should be automatic as individuals and institutions were capable of meeting the consumable and other necessitates. Interestingly, Adam Smith never used the terms lassis- faire and superiorism, though he was aware of the implications of these terms.Adam Smith believed that consumption creates demand and indispensability to produce. Production will not take place unless there are raw material and demand for the product. Prior to the industrial revolution, production of goods hinged on work completed by benignant hand s. Today machines mystify replaced much of human capital, but that is not to say that human labour is not currently an measurable part of a production. (LT, 2006)i. Even Marx realized that human capital is required to produce, though human capital does not have the capacity to bargain because of their being in surplusKarl Marx is very straightforward in his views on capitalism. He says there are only two classes of the society and these classes are in need competition with each other. One class is of BOURGEOISIE and the other class is PROLETARIAT. According to Karl Marx, there is no middle class, and the childbed is the exploited class in capitalism. Proletariat class is a class of seafarer who finds work so long as their work increases the capital. There will not be each work when labourer stops adding to the capital under the state of capitalism. Capitalism does not regard proletariat as a class of people, and that is why they are exploited the most just to add to the capita l. As per Alan W Erlt (2007) Marx saw capitalism not as an institution and not as a go out of organic economic laws, but as a phase of in the evolution of modern human society. (page 314)

Ethical and Human Issues in Health Care Research Paper

Ethical and Human Issues in wellness Care - Research Paper ExampleHealth inequities generate issues that deeply question our moral convictions. every order should provide its members with the requisite conditions for attaining the best possible health, as this leads to a contented and useful life. such is the demand of justice in health. This viewpoint renders a world(a) community unjust if it permits the premature demise of individuals. It should, in fact, promote the economic and social conditions that are essential for preserving life (Ruger, 2006, p. 1002). A segregation of the members of society on the basis of deprivation is to be achieved. This in turn clearly identifies the individuals who are in imperative need of access to health care. It is important to realize that this intervention does not abandon the improvement of the norm health (Ruger, 2006, p. 1002). Moreover, the provision of medical facilities to the groups occupying the center of the ill health spectrum is not discarded in this endeavor. Consequently, world(a) health coverage is promoted with regard to diseases such as AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis (Ruger, 2006, p. 1002). These diseases have been seen to be prevalent to a much greater extent among the disadvantaged sections of society. Moreover, there is a close correlation between global health and health and human rights. This relationship is founded on the inherent value of every individual and the rights of a person that derive from the local and international community. It is the objective of global health to ensure these rights.

Implementation of the Hand-off Communication Tool Assignment

Implementation of the Hand-off Communication Tool - Assignment ExampleThey typically occur during shift changes. lacking(predicate) communication has been cited as a major cause of health check errors (Reisenberg, Leitzsch, & Cunningham, 2010). Researchers who were exploring the causes and nature of human error in intensive care settings found out that verbal communication between nurse and physicians contributed to 37% of medical errors (Reisenberg, Leitzsch, & Cunningham, 2010). In an Australian study, more than 14,000 admissions were investigated. The study revealed that approximately 17% of the cases had an adverse event closely associated to it. Among the 17% of the cases, 11 percent were attributed to communication errors (Reisenberg, Leitzsch, & Cunningham, 2010). According to TRICARE (2005), the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) requires that institutions of healthcare ought to execute a standardized approach to handoff communications i n an effort to meet the ever growing exact of patient safety. Current Scenario The current alsol in use has been associated with a number of delays. Nurses would file reports indicating that beds were non ready patients missed their medication, nurses themselves not being ready and the absence of vital patient information. A questionnaire was submitted to healthcare personnel in an effort determine the cause of the delays. ... In other clinical nursing scenarios, many another(prenominal) errors have been identified that have resulted from communication problems. For instance omission of critical information as a result of poor communication between healthcare personnel, miscommunication that has results in misunderstanding of information, inability of the receiving nurse to hand the ongoing nurse due to communication problems, use of communication tools like reports that often become too routine and result in loss of focus by many healthcare personnel (Ong, &Coiera, 2011). ear ly(a) problems arising due to absence of standard communication procedure include idle chatting during handoffs that dilutes the importance of handoffs, illegible deal in reports, reports with judgmental statements, absence of research on handoffs and data that is in support of best practices, ethnic, ethnic and racial barriers which interfere with communication channels, language barriers that frustrate efforts to communicate effectively, and staff who resist change that comes with performance of new routines (Reisenberg, Leitzsch, & Cunningham, 2010). Implementation I overstep the baton is a technique that was designed with a primary coil purpose of streamlining the handoff process and have a well established and standardized means of communication. The main motif behind the use of this tool is to minimize information loss and more importantly ensure that sub of information occurs in a timely manner and with a high level of accuracy. The culture and unavoidably of a healthc are institution often dictate how the technique will be utilized. I pass the baton stands for I-introduction, P-patient, A- assessment, S-situation, S-safety concerns, B-background, A-actions, T-timing, O-ownership, N-next. This tool requires that a

Mayan Civilization Essay Example for Free

Mayan Civilization Essay* Which of the three Mesoamerican acculturations is most(prenominal) significant? Explain. The most significant Mesoamerican civilization is the Mayans. The Mayans are the most important for many contrasting reasons. They were a very intelligent civilization and their inventions and discoveries are what set them apart from the other Mesoamerican civilizations. The Mayans civilization was the most significant for multiple reasons. They were the only Mesoamerican civilization that had a written language. It was called Maya Script or Maya hieroglyphs. It is currently the only Mesoamerican writing system that has substantially been deciphered. Not only did they have their take in system of writing, they were very clever mathematicians.They had a counting system that was represented by only a dot, a bar, and a symbol for zero. The Mayans were some of the only plenty to understand the meaning of the zero. This was a commodious step in mathematics. Another major discovery was the calendar. The Mayans were most interested in astronomy. They made an astronomic observatory that consisted of 3 windows at the top to determine when the fall and spring equinox, 365 steps to resemble the 365 eld on the calendar and a serpent head at the bottom of the stairs.On March twenty-first the body of the serpent would appear to slither down the pyramid and point towards their water supply. The Mayans were gifted people who made a substantial impact on their time. With their writing, mathematics, and their astronomy as only some of their superior accomplishments, this proves that the Mayans were the most significant Mesoamerican civilization.

Project Report on Performance Appraisal Essay Example for Free

Project Report on mathematical process idea EssayIt is not constituted by individual sounds but by their accurately measure the act of its members and use it objectively to optimize them as vital resources. The act of an employee is his resultant behavior on projection which raise be bserved and evaluated. It refers to the contribution made by an individual in the accomplishment of organizational objectives. Performance can be measured by combining quantity, flavor, time and cost. People do not hold unless they be given feedback on the results of their actions. For learning to take place, feedback should be provided regularly and it should register both successes and failures. It should besides come soon after the relevant action or actions. Performance appraisal system provides instruction an opportunity to recall as well as give feedback to people. This feedback is pertaining the performance of the worker. This helps them to correct their mistakes and acquire unfer mented skills. Performance appraisal (PA) refers to all those procedures that are used to evaluate the personality, the performance and the potential of its group members. rating is different from Judgment.The former is concerned with performance and the latter is concerned with the individual. While evaluation deals with achievement of goals, a Judgment has an undercurrent of personal attack and is likely to evoke resistance. Performance appraisal could be wanton or formal. Informal performance appraisal is a continuous process of feeding back nurture o the subordinates about how well they are doing their work in the organization. The informal appraisal is conducted on a day-today basis. For example, the manager spontaneously mentions that a objet darticular piece of work was well performed or poorly performed.It is delinquent to the close connection between the behavior and the feedback on it, the informal appraisal quickly encourages desirable performance and discourages und esirable performance before it arrests permanently ingrained. Therefore, informal appraisal should not be perceived besides as a casual occurrence but as an important activity and an integral part of the organizations culture. The formal performance appraisal occurs usually annually on formal basis and involves appraise and authenticator in finding answers to the following questions 1 .What performance level has to be achieved during the period? 2. Has it been achieved? 3. What has been the shortfall and constraints? 4. What are we going to do now? 5. How will we know that we have done it? 6. What kind of feedback can be expected? 7. What assistance can be expected to improve performance? 8. What rewards and opportunities are likely to follow from the performance appraisal? When the employees have this type of information, they are aware of the following pecifications- 2. What assistance is available? 3.What can they expect when the required level of performance is achieved? This increases employee acceptance of the appraisal process and results in the trust that the employee has in the organization. An surround that affords an opportunity for further growth while minimizing stressful situations certainly enhances appraisal acceptance. Establishing this type of environment goes far beyond the performance appraisal process. Every aspect of managing people and their work relates to the improvement of their quality of work life.Performance appraisal is an integral part of trusting, healthy and happy work environment that goes a long way in promoting the same. Performance appraisal has been used for the following three purposes Remedial concern Development A performance appraisal needs to cover all these three purposes with the same focus. If any(prenominal) purpose predominates, the system becomes out of balance. For instance, if remedial purpose is foremost, then the performance appraisal may become a disciplinary tool, a form of a charge sheet and a tool of force-out instead of instrument of evaluation.

Life Function Essay Example for Free

Life Function EssayIn many unlike types of wellness bearing background signals there testament be a chain of management and quad major becomes of management that will help the business flow smoothly in the right direction for the managed fretting of the patients that they will receive from the facility, and this construction will also allow the scheme to grow as a team, and benefit the facility and the community at the same time in a cost efficient way. This root word will identify the major conks, and how it applies to managing others, and it will also explain what the most important economic consumption for a health pull off manager and leader in the diversified health care industry. I will then give my opinion on what the most significant aspect related to health care management that I would like to fetch by taking this course in my business line of study.There are four major functions of management in a health care setting which are organizing, planning, con trolling, leading and all managers on any type of level are responsible for hobby and achieving each function of management on a daily basis, and the first function of management that will be described is organizing.Organizing is a function of management that gives out job assignments and tasks, locating resources, make and co-ordinate the flow for the people of the organization so that the plan can be implemented and followed through and through with. This function allows managers to dissect the inner side of the unconscious process and give input that will help form the reputation of the facility, and the next function of management is planning.Planning is a function of management that goes through a process of making objectives for performance and deciding what steps should or should not be taken in outrank to achieve the goal of the employer and the employee at the same time. The managers job is to notice the accomplishment of the final stage work of the employee, make ch oices and decisions for the good of the company, and make a trail to be followed by other employees to steady improve the goals of the organization, and the next function of management is controlling.Controlling is a function of management that focuses on work performance measurement, looking at the end results and seeing if it matches the objectives, and finally fixing any things that needs to be corrected before the final inspection of the finished product. A managers job in this function is to stay in direct contact with the employees throughout their work assignment, gather discipline and interpret performance reports, and the information is then used to plan constructive action and change. The last function of management to be discussed is leading.Leading is a function of management that focusses on exciting the enthusiasm of the employees so that they will work hard to succeed, and accomplish the tasks at hand. A managers job through this function is to continuously build com mitments, encourage the activities of employees to help support the goals of the organization, and to influence the employees to do give their all and perform to the best of their ability on behalf of the organization which whom he or she work for, and all four of these functions of management help to run the organization on an everyday basis.Each of these four functions of management applies to managing employees within an organization through the structure each function provides in aiding to the development of the organization, the benefits of the employees, the structure and development of the facility, the service macrocosm provided and the community who all seek some type of service that this organization will provide.The most important role for a health care manger and leader in the diversified health care industry is to make sure the patient safety and health care needs are met, organize, plan, control, and lead the employees in their work responsibilities, and keep the com pany running effectively and considerably for all people involved for the success of the organization.The most significant aspect related to health care management that I would like to gain by taking this course of study would be to checker the job of a health care professional, and a health care manager while being able to obtain clarity to each separate function and utilize both the experience and association gained throughout my health care profession, and how to keep everyone involved an on track in the care of patients health within the organization.In conclusion the health care field has many steps it goes through on a daily basis so that the organization can function correctly and effectively. In this paper the four major functions of management perplex been identified, and applied to managing others in the industry, the most important role for a health care manager and leader in the diversified health care industry have been explained, and what the most significant aspec t related to health care management that I want to gain in this course of study is.

The Evolution of the Banking Industry Essay Example for Free

The Evolution of the lodgeing labor EssayAt independence, there were only cardinal foreign banks, Barclays and Standard Chartered Banks that were dominant players in the country. Naturally, their operations were structured to support the colonial preservation. Research indicates that the Bank of Gold Coast was later dispel into gold coast commercial-grade Bank and Bank of gold coast in 1957. In contrast to the existing extraneous Banks GCB was set up to provide banking services to a wider populace of Ghanaians and to support the development agenda of the autochthonous government. Research indicates that the National Redemption Council, (military government) as part of its indigenization policy acquired 40% ownership in the two foreign banks but his did not change their business strategy. The main complaint against the foreign banks was that their lending policies were in addition conservative. During the PNDC era, two foreign banks were licensed thats BCCI and meridian B iao. The BCCI get wised in 1991 with a large foreign central liability it could not manage. Meridian Biao almost collapsed in 1995 due to an imprudent foreign exchange word picture to its distressed parent company.After the return of democratic rule in 1992, two Malaysian Banks were licensed. The two were Metropolitan and Allied Bank and International Commercial Bank. Besides, a South African Bank, Stanbic Bank, was also licensed. The collapse of two Ghanaian banks, thats Bank for Housing and Construction and Co-operative Bank confirmed that the financial arena required in force(p) management of risks. The assurance was however that the new regulatory regime was more(prenominal) effective and so it was unlikely that such bank failure could occur again.Banks with foreign equity participation became stronger and more profitable by the year 1990. Financial experts have argued that the collapse of BCCI and near collapse of Meridian Biao raises wonder about how well foreign banks a re insulated from the difficulties of their parent companies. An IMF study of the banking industry in 2003 stated that Ghanas market structure was slightly less competitive than that of Nigeria and Kenya. Nigeria is however a huge economy as the economy of Ghana grows at a faster pace, private Foreign Direct investment facilitated by Nigerian Banks may play a key role if well directed.Indications are that Ghana will become the financial hub of West Africa soon. Due to common historical experiences, Ghana appears to be a natural next step for Nigerian businesses seeking to expand their operations beyond Nigeria. Foreign Banks in Ghana include Barclays Bank, Standard Charted Bank SG-SSB, Ecobank Ghana Limited and UT Bank. Others are International Commercial Bank, Stanbic Bank, Standard Trust Bank, Zenith Bank and the Guaranty Trust Bank. The rest are Intercontinental Bank, Access Bank Ghana and Sahel Sahara Bank.

Sealed Bids vs Competitive Essay Example for Free

seal off Bids vs Competitive EssaySealed bidding and Competitive Proposals be in possession of their advantages and disadvantages for semiprivate contractors. The governing body offers the opportunity to contractors to place their bids depending on the specifics of the job or the contract requirements then the regime go forth choose the channel which they will send the solicitation through with(predicate). For Sealed Bidding is an Invitation for Bids and for Competitive Proposals bids ar two ways of solicitation, a Request for Quotation and Request for Proposals (Murphy 2009).An advantage for contractors that argon bidding through Sealed bidding is that they are not obligated to provide any information on make up or the attain to justify their bid equipment casualty. The government has no control over that part and will have to rely solely on the expense competition without having all the facts to know if the bid is a liable one. This can be a great advantage in ma king a higher profit if the contractors cost for the project is low. Another advantage is that there are no negotiations before, through the period of evaluation or after. There are no individual discussions with any bidder during the process, and no price discussions occur (Murphy 2009, p. 18). Competitive Proposal advantages for contractors can occur when the government uses a tradeoff.Even though a tradeoff is used by the government when they feel it is to their benefit, it can also be advantageous for a contractor because if chosen the contractor once again does not have to be concerned with the cost or price and still be the one with the higher bid. This process permits tradeoffs among cost or price and noncost factors and allows the government to accept other than the lowest priced proposal (Murphy 2009, p. 21). The difference with this approach is that the government can either arrange to have a discussion with the contractors or simply make their decision without holding a discussion. When the government chooses to hold a discussion they will select the proposals from those contractors that were in the competitive range.Then the government will have discussions with these contractors in which they can review their proposal, make adjustments and resubmit a new proposal. Although discussions are offered in some cases the government may opt to make their decision without a discussion or the change for contractors to review and change their bids (Murphy 2009, p. 21).The advantage would be for those contractors that were given the chance to make adjustments to their proposals which based on their discussion could be closer on making the final award. The two contracting methods have advantages for contractors but in my opinion the Sealed bidding is a less extensive process for both the government and the contractor. From the contractors perspective I would prefer the Sealed bidding for the fact that there are no extra requirements to prove costs and price.

Motorcycle Inustry Essay Example for Free

Motorcycle Inustry EssayHero Honda launched CBZ 156cc motorbike . Bajaj launched Kawasaki, Boxer AT CT . Royal enfield launched machismo A350 and lightning 535 . Kinetic engineering ltd launched Brat and kinetic challenger . 2000 There was a entry of stark naked companies like TVS , Yamaha , (Lohia Motors) . Hero Honda launched Joy, Passion , and a remodelight-emitting diode Street. Bajaj launched KB Eliminator , KB Caliber Chroma , KB calculate and KB Acer . LML came up with Adreno and Energy . Escorts Yamaha launched Crux and TVS Group launched Fiero . 2001 Bajaj launched the Pulsar range . TVS launched Victor 110cc . Yamaha upgraded the Crux version with Crux R. Kinetic engineering launched the GF125 and GF150. Background note- Indian two wheeler market is dissever into three major segments - India is the 2nd largest user and 3rd largest manufacturer of two wheelers in the world. Bajaj Auto place the foundation of the Indian two wheelers industry in 1948 by trading in i mported genus Vespa scooters. Change in the Trend Scooters dominated the Indian market till 1990. Thus till 1990 Bajaj was the undisputed leader in scooter market followed by LML Kinetic .After the Liberalisation , privatization and globalization , many another(prenominal) companies entered into joint ventures and technical collaborations with foreign companies lke Honda , Suzuki , Yamaha and so forth Due to introduction of 100-cc wheels an intersegment gap began to start which resulted in the go under in the sales of the motorcycles. Due to delayed launch of new and advanced scooter models , four bias scooters prone to skidding risk and vibrations etc the demand for motorcycled went up. This demand was mainly driven by rural and semi-urban comsumers.In 2000 , the motorcycle market was characterized by the presence of sub segments based on set - The Motorcycle Story- In 1980s factors namely luxuriously running and maintenance cost , perception that motorcycle is more suitabl e for rural roads , high price of motorcycle in comparison with mopeds or scooters and the availability of evenhandedly new models of scooter led to a sharp decline in the fruit of motorcycle segment. De-licensing in the motorcycle industry in mid-1980s came to their rescue , and hence there was a healthy growth in the sales figure.In 1990 , motorcycle industry witnessed recession because of rising fuel prices , high gossip cost and reduced purchasing power due to significant rise in general price level and liquidity crisis in comsumer financing. In 1992 companies suffered big time . Entry of new players in the motorcycle market led to losses or fall in profits. In 1993, launch of 100-cc motorcycles led to a inter-segment shift began to take place and motorcycles sales began to grow as a result of flag in the recession.In 1999 , there was a big shift from demand of scooters to the demand of Motorcycles. This shift was mainly attributed tpo the swop in customers preference toward s fuel-efficient and appealing models, delay in launch of new scooters etc. PESTLE ANALYSIS - Pestle analysis is a tool that can aid the organization in making strategies which leave behind help them understand the external environment in which they operate now and will operate in the future.PESTLE FLOWCHART PESTLE Political/Legal- 1. Restrictive policy of the govt.towards the automobile industry in the pre liberalization era . This indirectly helped the motorcycle industry to develop . 2. Delicensing of the automobile empyrean in mid 1980s . This led to the entry of foreign players in the automobile industry 3. cushion up of the joint venture between -Escorts Yamaha -TVS Suzuki -Hero Motors Honda Motors Due to these break ups Indian Companies were forced to invest in R D for manufacturing indigenously develop models Economical- 1. high school running and maintenance cost . High price of motorcycles in comparison with scooters or mopeds.Due to this companies had to reduce e ither the quality or had to gain the price of the motorcycles and this resulted in fall in the sales 2. Rise in fuel price high input , reduced purchasing power. This led to increase in the price level and gradually recession. sociocultural- 1. Rise in demand for personal transport. This created a demand for two wheelers in the industry 2. Inefficiency of common transportation system made people dissatisfied with it and they demanded some vehicle that could be economical and supply to their needs.3. Perception that motorcycle were more suitable for the rural roads Availability of fairly new models of scooters. This led to sharp decline in growth of motorcycles . Technological- 1. Due to Launch of 100-cc motorcycles there was a Intersegment shift and growth of sales figures of motorcycles. 2. Factors like delayed launch of advance scooter models fear of four guesswork scooters being prone to increased skidding risks and vibration contributed in the decline in the demand of scoo ters.

Lady Macbeths language in Act 5 Scene1 and Act 5 Scene 1 Essay Example for Free

Lady Macbeths dustup in Act 5 picture show1 and Act 5 Scene 1 EssayAmbitious, enthusiastic and assertive are merely few of the words that find prohibited Lady Macbeth, a woman so controlling she convince her husband to instruction execution the king. She carefully plans it muster up come out of the closet, but her obsession leads to nightmares, and yet on a brutal suicide.The Act 1 shooting 5 opens with Lady Macbeth, reading out a letter sent to her from her husband, regarding the encounter he had with the three witches and what they had said around the prophecies, and that he would give out king. She then begins her first soliloquy, this doesnt just echo the witches prediction but likewise suggests how certain she is that the prophecies leave come true Glamis thou art, and Cawdor, and shalt be/ what thou art promised.(Lines 14-15)She shows signs of her exceptional verbiage from the start, and she speaks in blank verse, she shows her cartel and sense of purpose in carrying out the murder by using iambic pentameters That I may pour my hard liquor in thine ear (line 25) she starts to build up her control and self-confidence, becoming so sizeable she is more ambitious than her husband, the warrior of a great a army, but this is mainly because he is to soft-hearted, she uses the breast-feeding metaphor to describe this too full of the milk of human kindness,(line 16) This in contrast to her wish that she be the man that Macbeth isnt, so that she could be in complete control, as the man is the one who is mainly in control, unsex me here,.(line 40)To emphasize her control of language and thought she uses balanced phrases between the lines May read strange matters to beguile.(Line 26) She is also substantially able to change her state of mind that is extremely compatible depending on the situation she is in. Her double sloped personality can switch easily can switch easily, obviously this can be seen by the interview but isnt visible to the other characters.When the messenger enters the room, Lady Macbeth is still speaking of her plans on murdering King Duncan, and to repress him understanding what she is saying she uses coded language and speaks in riddles, this also for fear that she is all oerheard and someone realizes what she is conjuring up for the future, to drive the nearest way,(line 17) While the messenger remains in the room the change in her character and her language is yet over again visible, she stops using ostentatious and sophisticated words, and instead re plaits to her ordinary self . some other incident which took place while the messenger was in the room, was when she got angry, this was mainly because she feared that she wouldnt have enough time to work up and fully plan out the rest of the murder Thou art mad to say it (line 31) at once again proving her ability to switch focus especially at the right time, what is your tidings?(Line 29) This also suggests how she is over powering the mess enger and proving how authoritative she is.Her prevailing nature becomes so controlling that even tries dominating the evil spirits as she calls out for them come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts(Lines 39-40) And to dominating Macbeth she uses persuasive flattery cracking Glamis Worthy Cawdor(Line 53) And to demonstrate the control she has, not only over her husband but also over the entire situation, she uses imperatives, look like the innocent flower (line 64) she has become her own woman and fully prudent over her every action, no longer does she need anyone to control her, on the contrary, she will control them, and she has already done so over her husband.She can also vary the tone and pace of her language, the dark side that slowly started devouring her after she called for the evil spirits curtly takes effect on Lady Macbeth, she uses fricatives to collapse this, they are all words that begin with the hard C die, and this is how she establishes her second solilo quy. She uses the fricatives mainly so that it would sound as if the raven himself was speaking, Creaks, Come, Crown, Cruelty, etc.Her role in the murder becomes so very much more A-one to that of her husband. Throughout the scene she enlightens us with her dominance and solid control, this is mainly conveyed through the way she speaks so much more than Macbeth, and he is hardly given a chance to speak, but this also shows how she is scheming the murder and you shall put/ This nights great business into my dispatch (line 67) Her highly elaborated and sophisticated language though out the scene is ended with a rhyming couplet, this emphasizes on the great reward which will soon rifle to them. For them to become King and Queen which shall to all our nights and days to come, Give solely sovereign sway and masterdom (lines 68-69) everyplace all though out Act 1 scene 5 she shows great infatuation onto carrying out the massacre, the words that she applies into her language are imposin g and dignified, to achieve utmost control, which was the basis for her success over persuading Macbeth into committing the murder.The build up to Act 5 Scene 1 is tense and the pressure starts to mount as Macbeth begins to impertinence truth of what is going to happen, but he faces reality through fatality, and after contemplating what he must do, he tells his wife that he will not carry out the murder we will proceed no further in this business but to his displeasure, he is once again persuaded to perform the murder execution. The witches also tell Banquo of the fortune he is to achieve, and that his offspring are to become kings. He murdered Duncan in companionship to make the witches prophecy to come true, but nowadays he plots to murder Banquo and Fleance so that witches promise to Banquo will not come true.Lady Macbeth suffers from a guilty conscience, despite being the main instigator of the murder. The scene begins with her walking in her forty winks, and dreams that sh e and her husband are murdering King Duncan.The difference in her language, from Act 1 Scene 5 can be recognized instantly, you can tell this as she speaks in prose Yet heres a spot.(Line 31) The sophisticated vocabulary and grammar are no longer a custom of Lady Macbeth, it is replaced by language which is almost of a childlike simplicity one, two, why, then its time to do it (line 34)This scene mainly conveys the presentment of her guilt and how badly she feels about bringing the plan of the murder to this extent. This pushes her limits and certain actions question her sanity, she once again speaks in a child like manner The Thane of Fife had a wife(line 41). Previously, she was in total control, but now the burden has become too much, she has become a broken woman, this mainly due to the fact that she had to influence the role of the man, this can be proved as on several occasions she has had to play this role, for example, when she had to mask the visions Macbeth was seeing a fter the death of Banquo. The disturbances in her mind have made her think without order hell is murky Fie my Lord fie(Line 35) and remembrance of the past as she contemplates on what had happened heres the smell of blood still (line 48).As Macbeth and Duncan are two characters who have been the main subjects of Lady Macbeths mind, she relieves past conversations that took place (Macbeth talking to King Duncan), To rear, to bed theres knocking at the gate (line 63). One of the things that she mentioned in her sleep was concerning the ghost of Banquo I tell you again, Banquos buried, he cannot come out ons grave (lines 60-61), this was the subject of a past conversation with her husband.The manifestation of her guilt soon becomes an obsession, still in her sleep and unaware of what she is saying and totally senseless. She is still able to speak about reality and what has been going on, she is also able to release her true emotions and express how blameworthy she feels would these h ands neer be clean?(Line 42) As Lady Macbeth is in a deranged state of mind, the excuse that she was drowsing(prenominal) is valid enough to cover up and hide what she had said throughout the entire period that she was sleep walking To bed, to bed, to bed (line 65).Lady Macbeths great ability to switch focus, use of impressive words, her controlling and convincing taunts and her authoritative state of mind, somehow fall to pieces, she turns into a broken woman. The tale of Lady Macbeth unfortunately ends tragically, her plans turn to dust, and her life ends in a brutal suicide. As for her husband Macbeth, despite becoming King his find didnt last, and he was killed during a battle and Malcolm became king.

The Behaving Brain Essay Example for Free

The Behaving Brain EssayThe Video begins by explaining what we learned in set on Thursday about how the mind is made up of and how it works. It explained that a message will stumble down axon then the message travels into the dendrites that release the message into the synapse. The idea becomes the most complex liaison in the universe because it take ins so many different things in the human body. It regulates our metabolism, temperature and respiration. It also enables us to learn, mark and decide. The video then moved on to talking about a new breed of scientists called neuroscientists. They ar guided my the assumption that everything in the brain can be explained by biological or chemical events taking place within it either through out the entire brain or a region within. It went on to explain certain parts of the brain such(prenominal) as the brain stem, which controls animateness support in the body. The cerebellum that controls body movement and the limbic syste m which maintains the bodies inside workings and controls emotions.Ways of draw close the deal of the brain is with brain imaging, which can provide queryers with actual pictures of the brains inner workings. The best port to study the brain is to record the brains electrical activity using a EEG machine. E. Roy John practices neurometrics. A way of recorded electrical activity of a patient and comparing it with a recording of normal brain activity. It enables you to see if any certain person has a mental or emotional disease such as depression or alcoholism. Some researchers study the brain chemically. Joseph Martinez focuses on chemicals that promote learning and memory. He tries to coax the brain to remember or in some cases forget things by introducing certain chemicals into the body. This research is being practiced in search for a cure for Alzheimers disease. The last section of the video was on a study of patients with Amnesia. Mieke Vertaellie works with patients in help ing them recover and build new memories of which have been forgotten.Her patients are given word to remember to the best of there ability then try to recite what spoken communication they remembered. Patients with Amnesia usually can remember memories or information 10 years back entirely are unable to remember anything more recent. I found the research experiment Joseph Martinez was using with rats to be very interesting. Training a rat in maze to find food by undermentioned a certain track in the maze. After the rat had been trained to find the food Martinez introducing a chemical causing the rat to forget its training and wasnt able to find the food. I thought that was a great step in finding a cure for Alzheimers disease.But understanding the brain seems to be an ongoing and maybe never ending search to understand it. Its amazing to think a brain weighing 3 lbs is capable of being able to know more than any computer is a big thought to wrap your head around. I found the most interesting research in the video to be the chemical research. So much can be controlled with the chemicals in the brain. pain, happiness, depression, motor control is all controlled by the brain. Introducing more or less of a neurotransmitter can benefit humans in hundreds of ways.

Plants And Animals Essay Example for Free

Plants And Animals EssaySimilarities on that point are several similarities between savage and constitute carrels. Both have membranes that make compartments which isolate cellular phone functions and processes. Both cell membranes contain different parts that serve different functions. Both plant and animal cells need energy to go about its daily functions. And both species undergo cellular metabolism, which consists of many individual(a) metabolic pathways each one is a series of sequential chemical reactions that results in the production of something infallible by the cell. Finally, genes dictate the structure and appearance of cells of both plants and animals. In both species, DNA remains the introductory building block of life.Differences There are also divergencys between plant and animal cells. The main difference is how cell membranes react on various environments. Cell membranes collapse when placed in different environments olibanum allowing the entrance of proteins, whereas, the environment affects animal cells in a variety of ways. When animal cells are placed in an istonic solution, there was orderly absorption of protein, when the solution became hypotonic, the movement in the cells were almost halted whereas when it was placed in a hypwertonic solution, the cells were very fast moving. Another difference is on how plants and animal obtain energy. Animals obtain energy from eating, much(prenominal) as when man eats his dinner, while plants acquire energy through photosynthesis wherein they convert the suns energy for their own use.One more difference between plant and animals cells is on how they produce little girl cells. In plant cells, membranous vesicles congregate at the equator of the dividing cell. These vesicles contain materials that will give rise to the newborn cell wall. The vesicles fuse, forming a cell plate. The vesicles of the cell plate then fuse with the plasma membrane, producing two miss cells. In animal cel ls, a cleavage furrow forms around the periphery of the dividing cell. The furrow becomes progressively deeper until it pinches the cell and its contents into two new cells.Internal Structures of Plant and Animal CellsCell membrane as previous stated, cell membranes are the ones liable for dividing the parts of a cellDNA these are the ones that tell what the plant or animal should look like.Chromosomes chromosomes are those responsible for the sex of the animal. These are also found in plants.Integral proteins are those membrane proteins that are responsible for the transport of energyLipidAnchored Proteins these proteins are the ones responsible fro transmitting signals from the outside to the inside of cells.

The Womens Sports Foundation Essay Example for Free

The Wowork forces Sports fanny EssayThere ar initiatives in place to try and improve the number of women in elder roles. For example, the UK Strategy for Women and Sport (a three year plan that aims to increase the number of women leaders in childs play by changing the culture of sport), the Sport Coach Delivery plan. The government has too developed a plan, which aims to 50% female representation on all public bodies (inclusive of all sporting bodies). The effectiveness of these proposals is notwithstanding to be discovered. Womens Sport In The MediaSince the growth of womens sport and sport in general, the main way of communicating with the general public has been through the media. Recently there has been a large increase in the unalike types of media available, apart from the traditional newspaper there has been an increase in the number of specialist magazines available and legion(predicate) Internet websites available to display sporting results, match fixtures and o ther such information.However, even with the expansion of the media, insurance coverage of womens sport is grossly neglected. Womens sport is rarely shown (with exception to large sports events such as the Olympics) and when it shown their accomplishments is rarely celebrated, sort of their private life is often the crystalizeic.Television RadioThe main terrestrial bring and satellite channels rarely show womens sports events mens sport is often prioritised over womens. For example, in 1993, womens sport only made up 0.5% to 6% of the overall coverage of sports on television and even when female sport was covered, action shots were rare.NewspapersNewspapers also have a long history of under-representation of womens sport. It is quite common to find absolutely few or no mention of female sports within many newspapers sports section (this is regardless of whether they are a placard newspaper or a tabloid). This can be exemplified by a study between celestial latitude 2000 to Jan uary 2001, which was conducted by The Womens Sport foundation. After the analysis of 49 different issues of newspapers, they found that out of 701 pages of sports reports, there were 1,564 photographs of men in comparison to just 36 of women. This meant that overall womens coverage was just 2.3%.The media overall has the ability to lay and shape the views of women in sport. Often the coverage that female competitors receive, concentrates on their femininity and treats them as sexual objects quite a than a powerful sportsperson. This type of coverage has the effect of undermining womens sports in general, and in limiting the amount of sponsorship that top female athletes receive.The Womens Sports Foundation (WSF) was created in 1984, by women who were concerned by the lack of representation women received in the world of sport. It is funded by the government body Sport England, however since May 2003, the Pentland Group Plc has sponsored them. The aim of the Womens Sports Foundati on is to increase the profile of women within many sporting roles. This has been partly achieved byThe National Action cast for Women and Girls Sport and Physical Activity this was designed to encourage sporting organisations to identify targets and implement actions that would help to make do the imbalance between the two genders. The Women into High Performance Coaching Project this was a three-year pilot scheme, (established in 2000 by the foundation and Sports Coach UK) that was created to develop women into senior coaching positions.The WSF also aims to increase the number of women and girls that are participating in sport.

Risks of noncompliance in corporate governance

Risks of non accordance in incorporated ecesisIn Management, the aspect of configuration is one of the about important element in most businesses whether service or product. It involves the transformation of inputs of turnout and operation into outputs that, when distributed, have the needs satisfying abilities to the consumers. The concept of shape refers to a pronounce of being in accordance to received rules and regulations. The process abidance involves the application of independent factors but mainly foc habits on the boilersuit corporate function of the geological formation. In corporate world we tend to associate conformity with leadership and last making. The concept of Leadership is referred to as the progression of social influence which an individual can sign up in aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. Leadership as a tool of effective management and compliance remains as one of the most pertinent aspects of the memorial tabletal context (Bicheno Elliot, 1997).When individuals ar put in leadership positions, they are effectively authorized to comply with certain rules and regulations on of other people. They are expected to make wise decisions that serve the interests of the people that elected them, their organizations, state or country. Since compliance involves making tough decisions, its only leaders in concern in corporate governance who are in position to pass authority and influence other people. Good compliance technique is an indispensable skill for success and successful leadership. In the business world, many organizations especi anyy those involved in financial services have compliance workforce whose function entails the idea of making true the beau monde comply with the laid down rules and regulations (Sparrow, 2000).Relationship of the cost of compliance against the degree of risk of noncomplianceCorporate governance refers to a system by in which corporates or organizations are managed. It entails building of relationships amid the management, committees of the Board, and employees. Effective corporate governance structure maximizes value and proficiency. Since compliance involves certification to do a position task, it enables organizations to action its goals and objectives for the reason that its functions are not delayed down by risks of non compliance. Organizations should concentrate on issues relating to compliance to ensure they fulfill their functions. There are numerous problems associated with failing to comply with certain regulations. Technically, the extent of risks effectuate in organizations differs from one compliance element to another. Regardless of issues involved, the cost of compliance is much smaller than the risks emergent out from noncompliance. In observing business ethics, the funds involved in compliance assist states and governments to urinate jobs and improve social status of its citizens. By enlarge compliance is beneficial in that it makes corporate bodies to fulfill their social obligations to members of the public. Some of these costs also involve aspects of direct expenditures made by organizations to comply with base hit issues, when complied these regulations ensure consumers obtain high quality goods and services. Though high in some cases, the costs of compliance ensure fair trade and allow productions of goods and services that meet consumer requirements, needs and wants (Wong, 2001).The major risks of non compliance are the ability of the government to sue the organizations for compliance violations. This in the part of the organizations mostly its more(prenominal) expensive than the sign cost of complying with the required rules and regulations. For any organization to function well and achieve its goals and objectives, it must comply with all laid down rules and regulations to avoid risks of loss of clients resulting from closures, to avoid stiff penalties from regulatory bodies which are a t time more costly that the cost of compliance and finally to avoid losing consumer confidence. To be effective in compliance matters, organization should do Self-Assessments of their functions and identify their risks. (Bicheno Elliot, 1997).Organization that uses committees within their corporate governance structureOrganizations that implement the use of committees in their corporate governance structures have shown to be very effective, efficient and successful, and have shown potential to turn with utmost accountability and independence. this Committees coiffure duties on behalf of the organization management and shareholders and with efficient delegation of duties , they build stronger gravid rights ,increase production and sales and increase the organization profitability ensuring they comply with necessary corporate rules and regulations . One of the most well recognized organization that uses committees with their corporate governance structure is PepsiCo. This company is found in drunkenness industry and its committee charters are very definitive and its purpose well structured. The organization consists of internecine and immaterial audit committees which guide the organization management in regulating quality and efficiency, financial position and organization compliance to regulatory bodys requirement and wants.Use of committees by McBride to mitigate noncompliance issuesLike PepsiCo, McBride financial company should use the committees to mitigate the risks associated with noncompliance. The concept of compliance is a very significant issue for any organization. In the case of McBride Financial Services, the knowledge and execution of appropriate rules and regulations are ominous to the organization potential step-up and development. Recommendations involving Self-Assessments and identification of risks should be used to mitigate issues of noncompliance in the company. McBride financial company should conduct self-assessment of their broa dcast in time before the time the regulators come knocking on their doors. The company should use internal committees to develop a risk-based compliance approach that include identification of risks of non-compliance and the factors required to ensure compliance. The committee analyzes the organization risks and assists the company come to a decision of which risks to focus on. When established, committees serve the function of determining negative consequences of noncompliance. Committees perform quantitative analysis of the company performance and gives guidelines of what to do in order to achieve the companys goals and objectives (Causey, 2008).ConclusionIts a general business objective for most successful organizations in the world today to strategies on ship canal of improving their productivity, quality of products and services so as to satisfy the needs of their consumers as well as retaining their hare of the market. The success of the organization in the long-term requires that the organization considers the dynamism of management trends in their operations and comply with necessary rules and regulations. In conclusion we can say that concepts of compliance in corporate governance and s Management is one of the most important aspects of most businesses whether service or product. Compliance promotes knowledgeability of products that satisfies basic wants of customers and regulatory bodies. Happy customers promote productivity of a company in that the management produces more to be at level with their requirements. More production leads to increased yields and high profits.

The Architecture Of Theatres Architecture Essay

The Architecture Of Theatres Architecture EssayBack to the first half of the twentieth cytosine and it was in America that mass employment was becoming ever more efficient and handcuffs of field of studys were blooming every last(predicate) oer the coun savour. Architects commissioned to design these theatres were no longer universe briefed by the playwrights and managers tho by the owners of the chains with the sole intention on increasing box office sales. The aesthetics were clear intended for the paying customer and the money directed at the entrance lobby and the ever growth auditorium spaces and the less spent on the ever smaller dressing rooms. This problem was less common in Britain around that time as very few theatres were built during the war but a blossoming example for Britain did come about with the redevelopment of the Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1930. Designed by modernist interior designer Elizabeth Scott, after months of fundraising and comm ittee meetings, was show uped by the director of the theatre William Bridge-Adam as having,Absolute flexibility, a box of tricks out of which the child like mind of the producer may create whichever shape it pleases. It should be able to offer Mr Poel an Elizabethan form after his hearts desire.The Architectural Review responded to it with critical acclaim. Sightline was an discipline singled out as being particularily good with no pillars obstructing any views and no boxes. Acoustics were as well as mentioned,the shape of the theatre resembles a giant horn and is so deigned that the players can be herd from all parts of the stage and the sound distributed evenly throughout the auditorium. The splays and the ceiling of the proscenium, together with the forestage when in use, act as reinforcment to the ejaculate of sound. ultimately the use of materials and the style where mentioned.Though new theatres continue to appear in constant term throughout the comery, each newcomer, w ith very occasional exception, represents no more than an opposite step along the leaden path of motif ornament and meaningless decoration. Since Palladio built his theatre of Vicenza there has been no development other than an increasing tendency towards vulgarity and over-elaboration in the new theatre in Stratford-on-Avon materials argon used with intelligence, selection and fitness of purpose and designed by the nature of the material.It later became clear that the actors did not feel the resembling way. Comments were made over the distance from the stage and front row and the b are walls stretching from the proscenium to the circle. It was expound in The Other Theatre, published in 1947,Word deal 294as ifperforming to Calais from the cliffs of Dover. (Baliol Holloway)Clearly the architect had not achieved what she had wanted (an intimate theatre) nor what the client desired. What had happened here was a lack of communication and cooperation between the two commerces. In th e past there was an understanding of what was required and little was said between either professions but defend then the architects puddleing on theatre buildings would have specialised in Theatre design, most of them being builders themselves with several years of experience under their belts. The word specialist was not used in Britain until the mid-19th century, receptive to that an architect who designed theatres would just be referred to as a Theatre Designer.Earlier reasons have been save in other parts of the world where re instantlyned general architects have thought they could solve the problems aroused by the old theatre designs. At the end of the 18th century London had several theatres which had work done to them such as Benjamin Dean Wyatts Theatre Royal in Drury Lane which also received architectural critical acclaim. Too often theatres built by renowned generalist architects are more extravagant and end up having work done to the auditorium within and around a decade. as luck would have it for twain architect and theatre owner money had become available for rebuilds and amendments however vast. The theatre professions ire with the works of Wyatts at Drury Lane and Elizabeth Scott at Stratford -upon-Avon are only a couple of examples of what happens when famed architects try and impose a solution to and old and accustomed problem. Their belief that they could rethink the nature of the auditoriums wall plugs upon their first render can be seen as nave and as the theatre profession is more voluble than the architectural realm when provoked, the public tend accept the blame being placed on the architect.Word count 385Luckily there are a few first time Architects, Theatre Designers and Consultants who do harken to their clients and are willing to spend the time studying the code for auditorium design as well as meet technical foul requirements. As a result there are many theatres in both Britain and America which function out of a health y relationship between both theatre and computer architecture professions. The breakdown in communication is what both sides have to be wary of and this can often be caused by the architects instinctive to offer slender resources to the external design. In some cases it may be the case that the architect has taken a modernist mind-set, strange to the theatrical precedence which is generally that the outside(a) of the building should express whats inside and also the other way around. Therefore in the name of architectural truthfulness as a whole, the detailing and shape to the auditorium could be sacrificed by the architect under his manifesto. Looking at it the issue in detail, the same outcome can be caused by the opinion that the architect is not changing anything just reorganising the auditorium elements more effectively which is just as dangerous as believing that they can dislodge the nature of the auditorium itself. Therefore by trying to organise these key components such as lighting, side pose and acoustic materials, and moving them to the perimeter of the space the eye of the viewer may be drawn to the outside of the stage rather than inwards at the actor. The economic aid would be drawn to the side walls and ceiling so the actor will have to try harder to gain the attention of the audience. The problem with auditoriums in the past was the affliction to draw the attention to the front 15ft of the stage which should appear to float. Some of the causes may have been that the seating went likewise far back or was spread too wide.The stem for this problem maybe that some architects are taught and become firm believers that form follows function, thus the functionality fallacy. They work only with statistics in creating a design which is driven purely on numbers. Areas of the design which could not be measured were often ignored or left(a) to the architect to decide on the outcome unattended. This is a clear example of a lack of a real philosoph ical discussion on the nature of how theatre functions, between the theatrical technician and the architect.Word count 403To understand the architect lets look at how the development of the proper approach to theatre design. First of all a police squad need to be formed consisting of an architect, engineer, acoustic consultant, cost consultant and theatre consultant. An architect naturally heads the team as is in the architects office where he or she works alongside partners, associates and has technicians underneath heading different departments on the construction drawings. There will be some schoolboyisher members of the team which would have graduated eminent from their architectural schools wanting to work for an experienced architect on high level projects who spend their time trying to remark rational solutions through designing sketch schemes with the architect. These young pile are who the Theatre Consultants should liaise with.The Engineers occasionally have a tenden cy to take over a project which can be dangerous for the position of the architect. The electrical engineer has the safest role in terms of lighting which can be overseen by the Theatre Consultant and more central to the triumph of the project is the mechanical engineer. The mechanical engineer takes charge of the heating and ventilation. Theatres require that the space be alter and cool whilst also being silent, something theatre managers specify as being essential is the silence. Architecture sham Audience states thatQuite simply there is nothing more expensive and nothing more necessary.The overall job of the engineers be them electrical, structural or mechanical is to solve how the design is put together as opposed to the what and the why of the design.This leads us to the dangerous cases in which the engineers take over the role of designer of theatres from the architects. mid-fifties America and engineers were emerging with numerous qualifications in stage design and acou stic and scenic engineering claiming they had solutions to sights and sounds. frosty angles where determined for acceptable sightlines in the auditoriums. Ceilings hidden by lighting, previously referred to as the heavens to capture the rising slope human spirit and to keep a cap on the theatre space to focus the attention back down to the actor. The side walls which had been lined with humanity in the early years were also now shaped for acoustic advantages. To create a theatre that was intimate, it was suggested that the furthest seats from the stage had to be of a certain distance. Jo Melziners so called field tests in which he concluded that the furthest distance of55ft (16.8m) for Julie Harris in drama, meagrely more for Gertrude Berg in a rather broad comedy and 100ft (30m) for Ethel Merman in anything.What had not seemed to be considered was the density of the space given to the individual audience member or of the impact of the amount of people to be fitted into the full distance allocated.Just to mention some of the theatres loved by the theatre profession the Old Vic in London, the Lyceum and the Booth in New York, all of which would be considered badly designed with views obstructed with bad sightlines and areas with a lack of legroom but shows succeed in these theatresWord count 331 right away(predicate) this is realised as being a mistake in design as functionality actually took away from the experience but in the 50s and 60s this confusion of the criteria of what makes a good theatre experience had not been realised. What differentiates the screw theatre is the sense of community and involvement not the emphasis on the visual lines and sound quality.mayhap if we take a step back and look at what Marcus Vitruvius Pollio wrote in the early first century BC on theatre architecture, we could possibly find another angle on design. Vitruvius having been an architect and builder shared most if not all his knowledge in his ten books on architecture. He makes expand reference to existing buildings and gave recommendations on how to build new ones.Word count 248The conclusion is that clients are appearing to be increasingly greedy wanting larger seating volume with equal comfort. The architect must(prenominal) not fall for the naivety that they can solve the problems which have been around for centuries. An architects overconfidence in his technical skills can easily cause the failure of a production and not have the talent of the production or writers to blame. Many newly emerging architects believe that theatres need modernisation but there needs to be a greater understanding of the magic and illusionistic handling of the space of such a conglomerate building type. It seems better then to stick to old strategies which work and if there is an old theatre in question then keep it if it works. Amendments can be made to the dressing room and bar, possibly the residence hall but not to the spaces in which the audience interact with the performers. By looking to the past for answers we will find that the majority of successful theatres are based on the principles of the sacred geometry which should be considered as special agreement with the intention to encourage movement of energy not as a robust net of formations. Finally the sightline paradox. It seems the theatres which work well suffer from the occasional views with obstructions but those theatres which have excellent sightlines all-round are universally disliked by actors and audience.

Lossless predictive coding

Lossless prognostic codingObjective of the projectGenerating Huffman codeword expend Huffman coding to be transmitted to the decipherr.Compare and analyze quality of 7 linear, fixed divers(prenominal) Differential pulse code inflexion (DPCM) soothsayers to mother out which one achieves the best densification symmetry.Compare and derive the prostrate forecast against the original anatomy to ensure our answer has lossless abridgement. originAs we know, there is strong correlativity or tie-in amid spatially adjacent pels. The aim of the predictive coding is to remove redundance amidst consecutive pixels to facilitate the encoding of hardly the residual percentage between actual and predicated (only new information). In other way, a pixel is coded as the difference between its actual tax and a predicted value, which was computed from antecedently decoded erect. As a result of that, compression ratio depends on the random variable of the image, level of quantizatio n of the difference values and quality of the omen. later on predictive coding, we skunk start to compress the original file size by using Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) encoding and get in a Huffman entropy codebook before transmitting the image. The decoder workouts the Huffman codebook to first decode the Huffman entropy and followed by decoding Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) to derive the constructed image..Experimental resultDifferential Pulse Code chanting (DPCM) EncodingEncode original Lena512.pgm image to DPCM values using 7 linear and fixed different Predictor methodsA(A + C)/2(A + B + C)/3A+B-CA+(B-C)/2B+(A-C)/2(A+B)/2harmonize to 7 in a higher place formulas, we can compute the difference between the previous pixel and current one. The predictor code table result will be sent to the next step, entropy encoder.The results show that the DPCM predictor B + (A -C)/2 achieves the best compression RatioEntropy encoder (Huffman coding) downstairs par t shows how the approach of Huffman coding is generated measuring 1 Retrieve the output signal of DPCM encoding.Step 2 to each one value from DPCM encoding will be generated according to each occurrence probability in descending order.Step 3 Assign the Huffman codeword for each computed probability valueFor exampleEach child probabilities is added to create the parent. The adding of probabilities continues until the root with final probability 1.0 as shown above. Hence, the Huffman Coding Table is formed.A sec is assigned to every node. The 0 place is assigned to every left sub-tree of every node and the 1 smirch is assigned to every right sub-tree of every node.Average distance per sign = 10.6+20.2+30.1+30.1= 1.6 bits/symbolIn our test, since the optimal predictor is B + (A -C)/2, the codebook is generated according to this predictor. The DPCM values ranges from -75, 87. The table below shows the first 8 values among 162 DPCM values in Huffman codebook.RESULT DISCUSSIONS (O ptimal Predictor B + (A -C)/2, Encoding Part)Average bit/pixel=Compressed Size (Bits) / (columns x rows) =Compressed Size/ (512 x 512)After generating 162 codewords we are able to achieve 902428 bits. The derived average bit/pixel is rough 3.442 bits/pixel.Compression Ratio= Original image size / Compressed image sizeCompression Ratio= 8 bits / (Average bit/pixel) (image resolution 8 bits per pixel)The original image (Lena512.pgm picture) is a fixed 8 bits/pixel. therefore, the compression ratio is 8/3.442=2.3239 by using Huffman codes.In order to write a file into binary bit format, the 8 binary adjacent bits is take on and converted an integer. For Huffman decoding, the integers are written into a file.Entropy decoder (Huffman Decoding)The Huffman decoder uses the compressed image to regenerate the DPCM table.The compressed file integers are hear and converted into a embed of binary bits.If the binary code is not a prefix of any code, read each and every bit in the codebook t o find a match. If no match is found, continue the try till a match is found in the codebook. Retreive the corresponding DPCM value for the binary code set.Step 2 is repeated until the binary set is exhausted. A DPCM table is generated and this is called the DPCM decoding process.For exampleAfter converting integers into a set of binary bits, we have encoded bit stream of the first few pixels 110111001101110011011101According to Huffman lookup table, the corresponding DPCM values are 87 87 86DPCM DecodingAfter decoding DPCM, the reconstructed image is retrieved.According to the above images, it can be concluded that the compression is a lossless one. There is no difference between original image and compressed one, as above images shown in reality or DPCM values encoded and decoded in theory. stomach DiscussionAnalyzing Different Predictors for Lena.pgmThrough above diagram, we can see the compression ratio of using one neighboring pixel (Predictor 1 A) for prediction is lower than using two or three neighboring pixels. And predictors which use 2 neighboring pixels have lower compression ratio than ones with 3 neighboring pixelsAnalyzing Different Predictors for other imagesTo further evaluate performance of the predictors, 4 different images were chosen to compute the effects the performance of the predictors.From the above diagrams, compression ratio of methods from 3 to 6 (They are (A + B + C)/3, A+B-C, A+ (B-C)/2, B+ (A-C)/2 ) is higher than the rest. As there is strong linkup between adjacent pixels, any predictor which can utilize connection between adjacent pixels produces dear(p) compression ratioAs a result of that, the methods which use 1 or 2 neighboring pixels can not utilize this connection well.For examplePredictor A is utilize (only 1 pixel is used) for the first method. The encoded values are dependent on the previous value of the same row. Thus, the first columns values cannot be predicted or this predictor does not use connection between neighboring pixels appropriately.On the other hand, the images that fall at the center region have a lower compression ratio than ones which spreads over the entire white-grey-black scale..Since the conducted experiments pertain only on .pgm format images (Black-And-White image), it is unable to determine compression ratio of dyed images (RGB, YCbCr, HSV color bases)ConclusionAccording to all above experiments and diagrams, we can offer that there is no one definite predictor for every image to achieve best compression ratio because different images need different predictors to achieve remediate compression results.In general, since there is strong correlation between spatially adjacent pixels, any predictor which can utilize connection between adjacent pixels produces good compression ratio. In our experiment compression method from 3 to 6 will produce better compression than the rest.In reality, Static Huffman Coding is popular and easy to fulfill solely does not obtain theore tically optimum number of bits to encode symbols because of condition Huffman codeword must be an integer number of bits long, e.g. if probability of 1 symbol is 0.9, the optimum code word size should be 0.15 bits but in Huffman Coding, it is 1 bit. Moreover, if symbol probabilities are unknown or not stable (source changes), Dynamic Huffman coding should be chosen but the carrying out is very complicated.On the other hand, so as to achieve non-integer length coding and probability derived in real-time, Arithmetic coding is a good alternative. However, the implementation of Arithmetic coding is slow due to many multiplications (in or so cases, divisions).