Castles :: essays research papers

Castles motivate us of a time that was full of adventureand romance. Castles remind us of a time in history in which there was a lack of government and order. Although therewas not mass confusion and anarchy, there was less order.Castles were the basis of feudalism. Castles can be seen as amanifestation of feudal society. Feudalism started with therise of rooks and ended with their end. The castle set thetone as the only homestead that nobility would live in duringthis time. Castles were influenced by and influenced many chivalrous cathedrals in Europe. Although castles servedmany purposes, their primary purpose was military. At thattime, people were not protected by merely shutting andloc superpower a regular wooden door. They needed the protectionof castles and their knights. The lords and constables ofcastles needed serfs to work the land to make receipts inorder to pay rent to the more important nobles. Given thefollowing evidence, it is relatively obvious why castles andcas tle building played an instrumental role in the developmentof Western Europe. Castles are unique to a time in historyknown as medieval times. The word medieval in our times isan insult to anything as is the word feudal. Through the hazeand ruins, one can imagine dungeons, chivalrous knights, andmighty Lords who ruled the land and protected the commonpeasant from barbarians and other invaders. The rise ofcastles marked the rise of feudalism. This was all started bythe crusades. The majority of the knights and nobles went toliberate the holy land from the Moslems. The Crusadesinfluenced castle builders back in Europe. Ideas weregathered from Muslim and Byzantine fortifications. Becauseof the lack of protection in Europe, a castles strengthneeded to be increased because of the ever-present threat ofa Muslim invasion. The end of Feudalism also marked theend of the middle ages and hence the end of the great castleera. Castles integrated the combination of residence andfortress. The fir st castle dates back to King Sargon II ofKhorsabad in ancient Egypt. He erected a grand palace forhimself to protect him and his subjects. The first recordedreferences to castles was the Edict of Pistes by Charles theBald, king of the West Franks. "We will and expresslycommand that whoever at this time has made castles andfortifications and enclosures without our out permission shallhave them demolished by the First of August" (Browncomputer architecture of Castles 13). Other castle laws were theNorman Institutions handed down by William the Conquerorafter he took over England. One law says that no one shall

Essay --

According to the film Too Big Too Fail the cause of the crash was from home loanings. Which in the case banks started to give out loans to concourse that owned homes. Giving out loan to homeowners the banks started to gain a lot of money. Later on in the process the owners of the banks began to go overboard by bragging(a) out more loans. And since the banks were lending out more loans , homeowners thought they could knuckle under it.Reasons why the accommodate market crashed according to the film was because banks gave homeowners loans even if they could not afford it. The banks had their pride set to high, because they never thought that the housing market would ever crash or go down, so they invested securities in wall street. So the banks bought indemnity on consumer loans. Which consumer loan is a loan that establishes consumer credit that is granted for personal use, usually unsecured and based on the borrowers integrity and ability to pay (Free Dictionary). When the housi ng market dropped the homeowners could not pay the banks their money back. In which the insurance companies could not pay...

DNA :: Deoxyribonucleic Acid essays research papers

deoxyribonucleic acidDNA, or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is described, in Encarta Encyclopedia as a heritable material of all cellular organisms and closely viruses. DNA carries the information needed to direct protein synthesis and replication. Protein synthesis is the production of the proteins needed by the cell or virus for its activities and development. Replication is the process by which DNA copies itself for each descendant cell or virus, passing on the information needed for protein synthesis. In most cellular organisms, DNA is organized on chromosomes located in the nucleus of the cell.A molecule of DNA consists of two chains, strands composed of a large routine of al-Qaidas, that are linked together to form a chain. These chains look like a twisted ladder and are called a double helix. each(prenominal) nucleotide consists of three units sugar molecules called deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and unmatched of four different nitrogen containing compounds, also called bases . The four are adenine (A), guanine (G), tetraiodothyronine (T), and cytosine (C). The deoxyribose molecule occupies the center of the nucleotide, with the phosphate group on one side and a base on the other. The phosphate group of each nucleotide is also linked to the deoxyribose of the adjacent nucleotide in the chain. These linked deoxyribose-phosphate subunits form the side rails of the ladder. The bases face inward toward each other, forming the steps of the ladder.The nucleotides in one DNA strand have a specific association with the corresponding nucleotides in the other DNA strand. Because of the chemical affinity of the bases, nucleotides containing adenine are everlastingly paired with nucleotides containing thymine, and nucleotides containing cytosine are always paired with nucleotides containing guanine. The complementary bases are joined to each other by weak chemical bonds called hydrogen bonds.DNA carries the instructions for the production of proteins. A protein is composed of smaller molecules called amino acids, and the structure and function of the protein is determined by the sequence of its amino acids. The sequence of amino acids, in turn, is determined by the sequence of nucleotide bases in the DNA. A sequence of three nucleotide bases, called a triplet, is the genetic code word, or codon, that specifies a special(prenominal) amino acid. For instance, the triplet GAC (guanine, adenine, and cytosine) is the codon for the amino acid leucine, and the triplet CAG (cytosine, adenine, and guanine) is the codon for the amino acid valine.

Progress or Alienation :: Technology Scientific Technological Essays

Progress or AlienationOur society has alienated itself far from the reality of the focus things are and the way they should be, through the exercise and misuse of scientific knowledge and technology. Science is defined as, a logical organized method of obtaining information through direct, systematic observation. Sometimes science does non seem organized, in fact it seems like it opens us up to a different realm of possibilities that have consequences far beyond our wildest dreams. Scientific knowledge is something that sometimes cannot be controlled or monitored, but needs to be for the sake of the greater population. Those with the most power, for example political leaders and corporation giants, are often allowed let information that could jeopardize the safety of all of us. Now whether or not this information is taken in good faith, or for the almighty dollar doesnt mean its right, nor does it mean that we should not explore scientific possibilities. Science stimulates our mi nds and forces us to use critical thinking and analysis based on our previous knowledge. not all scientific information is wrong or incurs consequences, but like all data there is a right and a wrong way to distribute it. Scientific progress on the other hand is what has helped out society gain the knowledge and insight to live bust lives through the advances in medical technology, the strategy of war, and the exploration of space. Not all scientific knowledge is misused, and its only brought to our attention when it has been. When this occurs people often question the validity of scientific work which leads to criticism. Some scientific progress will bring with it disruptive change in our society, but with change comes progress and the hope that we can better our lives. In the two stories I will present in this paper, Mary Shelleys Frankenstein and Catherine Asaros The Veiled Web, they discuss the negative consequences of the actions from people who try and erect good insight to the scientific community and the general population. In both stories, two men take it upon themselves to manipulate science for the good of mankind. Both trust that good will come from their actions but neither consider the consequences of failure. The men in these stories are intent on their work and do not support that others will turn it against them for destructive purposes. In Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein realizes the destructiveness of his behavior, when its too late, and regrets it immensely.

Darren Aronofskys Requiem for a Dream Essay -- essays research papers

Darren Aronofskys Requiem for a DreamRequiem for a Dream is a movie that was enjoin by Darren Aronofsky. Its a story about the decent in to the hell and torment of drug addiction however, Aronofsky sets out to demonstrate both the seductive ecstasy of a high and the shattering anguish of addiction. Character development is the main focus of Requiem, which is shown through creative camera angles, precise editing, and brilliant acting. This movie blew my estimation a steering, actually I found it difficult to sit through the entire movie without taking a break to go outside just to score sure that reality wasnt as bad as the movie made it seem. Aronofsky did a mind-boggling job of exploring the pleasures, and horrors of drug use. However, he did it in a way that I had never seen before, his camera work and editing were so creative I couldnt help but repeatedly think Wow, Ive never seen anything like that before. In a movie review of Requiem Arthur Lazere states Technique is importa nt here because Aronofskys films are both manneristic and expressionistic in spirit and style, exaggerating and distorting images for dramatic effect. He uses disassemble screens, fast motion, fades to white, body-mounted cameras, repeated sequences, exaggerated sound effects somewhat self-conscious methods that quite deliberately keep the viewer always aware of the filmmaker and what he is up to, much the same way some painters use a think impasto Im somebody now, Harry Everybody likes...

Darren Aronofskys Requiem for a Dream Essay -- essays research papers

Darren Aronofskys Requiem for a DreamRequiem for a Dream is a photographic film that was directed by Darren Aronofsky. Its a story about the decent in to the hell and torment of drug addiction however, Aronofsky sets out to demonstrate both the teasing ecstasy of a high and the shattering anguish of addiction. Character development is the main focus of Requiem, which is shown through creative camera angles, precise editing, and brilliant acting. This painting blew my mind away, actually I found it difficult to sit through the entire movie without taking a break to go outside on the button to make sure that reality wasnt as bad as the movie made it seem. Aronofsky did a mind-boggling job of exploring the pleasures, and horrors of drug use. However, he did it in a way that I had never seen before, his camera work and editing were so creative I couldnt help but repeatedly think Wow, Ive never seen anything ilk that before. In a movie review of Requiem Arthur Lazere states Technique is important here because Aronofskys films are both manneristic and expressionistic in spirit and style, exaggerating and distorting images for dramatic effect. He uses split screens, fast motion, fades to white, body-mounted cameras, repeated sequences, exaggerated sound effects somewhat self-conscious methods that quite deliberately keep the viewer always aware of the movie maker and what he is up to, much the same way some painters use a think impasto Im somebody now, Harry Everybody likes...

Labor-Management Bargaining

The process of proletariat-management talk terms has evolved since its beginning in the early years of labor negotiations. Since the parties involved in corporal bargaining atomic number 18 negotiating a semi-formal wince that both are to be bound by, there are many stresses and tensions that permeate the process. Most early negotiations were filled with drama and emotionalism.The struggle has move today to move toward a more discerning process, whereby negotiations are conducted and settled on the facts and more concrete, quantitative arguments. In pursuit of this goal, there are strategies and play that bottom be utilized by both management and unionized labor in mark to facilitate a more reasonable contract negotiation. The most beneficial tactics- aspect reasonable goals, and researching facts-are employed before the negotiations even begin.First of exclusively, in order to bargain go bad, it is important to understand just what collective bargaining is. mob P. Begi n and Edwin F. Beal define collective bargaining as part of an Industrial Relations System. The system of relations consists of (1) the people who head the organizations that provide goods and operate to society, (2) the people who do the work, and (3) the governmental organizations that maintain the society. Under capitalism, workers are relatively free to sell their own labor and withhold it at will (Begin, James P., Beal, Edwin F., 3).This forms a free-will contract in which the employer and employee moldiness decide the terms of employment (Begin, Beal, 3). This provides the basis for the industrial relations system. Before judicial regulations were enacted as a exemplar for negotiations, the worker and the employer could enter into a verbal contract that would suffice. However, as workers organized themselves into formal labor organizations and elected members to represent them, more formal contracts were needed.The movement of collective bargaining toward a matter of nation al policy began in 1935 with the enactment of the Wagner Act. This act pronounced two basic principles (1) employees were to be permitted to form and maintain labor unions of their own choosing without being subjected to coercion, intimidation, or discrimination by employers and (2) employers were to be required by rectitude to bargain collectively with labor unions designated by their employees on wages, place of pay, hours, and other conditions of employment.The Wagner Act and others, like the Taft-Hartley Act and the Fair Labor Standards Act, fork over provided a framework of law within which the collective bargaining process must operate. The legal regulations extend to both the procedural aspects (the manner in which collective bargaining is to be conducted) and to the substantive aspects (the types of subject concerning which collective bargaining is obligatory and which whitethorn or may not lawfully be incorporated into collective bargaining agreements). However, the subs tantive aspect remains relatively unrestricted by law (Torff, Selwyn H., 4-14).It is the substantive aspect that leaves collective bargaining negotiations subject to emotionalism, and il logical and irrational behavior. John Dunlop and James Healy have described four ways in which negotiations feces be depicted. The first is a poker game, with the larger pots going to those who combine deception, bluff, and luck, or the ability to come up with a strong hand. The second is an operate in power politics, with the relative strengths of the parties being decisive. The third, a debating society, marked by both rhetoric and name calling. Fourth and finally they noted a better way-if followed-that a negotiation can be depicted. This is a rational process, with both sides remaining completely flexible and willing to be persuaded solitary(prenominal) when all the facts have been dispassionately presented (Sloane, Arthur A. Witney, Fred 203).Sloane and Witney have stated, all of these chara cteristics have marked most negotiations over a period of time. The increasing maturity of collective bargaining implies enlargement of the rational process This rational process involves the employee, employer, and union settling on the basis of facts rather than name-calling, table pounding, and emotionalism (Sloane, Witney, 203-204).Therefore, in order for collective bargaining to stick more rational, certain techniques must be employed. Edward Peters has written a guide to better negotiating titled Strategy and Tactics in Labor Negotiations. In this give he provides good strategies for obtaining a more rational negotiation.The first important step toward better bargaining is to realize the essential nature and purpose of negotiations. In a bargaining conflict, there are three main activities in which each party is involved (1) attempt to influence each other, the employees, and public discernment by advocating the merits of their respective positions (2) indicate strength to each other and (3) explore the possibilities, in terms of each others maximum and minimum expectancies, of a settlement without an sparing contest, or, at worst, a contest of minimum duration (Peters, Edward, 41). Peters states that sophisticated bargainers often underestimate the importance of good preparation and presentation of their position because they feel that these are just window dressing for the harsh realities of frugal strength (Peters, 42). It is true that economic strength is important, but a position reinforced by logic and reason can often exert a crucial influence (Peters, 42).Another step toward better negotiations is preparation and the setting of realistic goals. Peters states that the practicality or impracticality of a collective bargaining goal is a matter of foresight, not something to be determined by hindsight (Peters, 60). An example of this that pertains to management is that sometimes there are items that a union cannot and will not concede. If manage ment does not prepare enough and makes the assumption that the union can and will negotiate on any intention submitted by management, they risk the possibility of strikes. There are humps over which a union will prefer to lose a plant in an economic contest rather than jeopardize itself with a larger group (Peters, 60). The setting of more realistic goals by management could avoid this detrimental result.In order to set realistic goals, a criteria for realistic goals must be established. Most negotiators, according to Peters, would agree that a realistic goal, to be attained without an economic contest, must be based on the following minimum considerations (1) has the other party the ability to concede the issue? The employer must be able to concede the issue without serious damage to operations.The union must be able to concede the issue without serious internal injury, or any danger of disintegrating as an organization, or losing out to a rival union also without seriously impai ring its external relationships in the labor movement, or with other employers (2) are you warranted, by your strength, in setting such a goal? (3) Is your goal within the bargaining expectancy of the other party? This last point may be disregarded only if you are ready to wage an economic contest for your minimum goal (Peters, 61-62). These criteria should be fully examined before setting any goal or atmospheric pressure any issue in a labor negotiation. Priorities must be established and ranked in order of impact and importance (Richardson, Reed C., 128). plane though setting realistic goals help in negotiations, a course of action must be pursued in order to obtain those goals. prestige plays an essential role in negotiations. prestigiousness is an intangible quality in the sense that it is a symbol-a symbol of the potential and actual strengths of the parties in all of their relationships. Prestige reflects itself in the relationship of the parties to each other and especially to the workers in the plant. A unions basic strength lies in the support of its own membership (Peters, 85-86). Other factors that prompt during negotiations are sign language, fringe issues, and negotiable factors.However, the most important tactics take place before the actual negotiations. Negotiators who approach the bargaining table without sufficient factual ammunition to handle the growing complexities of labor relationsoperate at a distinct disadvantage (Sloane, Witney, 213). Most larger unions and almost all major corporations today have their own research departments to gather data and conduct surveys. Only if both parties research and establish a framework for negotiations can they successfully obtain results within their range of acceptability. With this in mind, collective bargaining can mature to its desired rationality in the management-labor relationship.

Cold War: Cuba and Latin America Essay

There were several motivations for United States insurance in Latin America during the 1950s and the 1960s. Some of these motivations included the applying of the policy of containment in Latin American to stop the spread of communism. A nonher motivation was to stop the growing hamper between Cuba and the Soviet amalgamation. All of these motivations were set in place to avoid the development of a second Cuba in Latin America. It was urgent for the United States to recreate since now there was Soviet Union presence in Latin America offering to be an ally. The United States had numerous justifications for the polices that it followed during its presence in Latin America. One of them being President John F. Kennedys Alliance for Progress. The United States offered Latin America countries that were developing economically aid this was a mode of applying the policy of containment. The United States need to stop communism motivated them to pass the Alliance for Progress. The United S tates justified the policy by arguing that they needed to take over a policy in Latin America that went beyond the Roosevelt Corollary. After 1959, the United State was still devoted to ridding Fidel Castros presence from Cuba. The United States policy makers saw the alliance between Cuba and Soviet Union as dangerous thing, particularly after the critical Cuban Missile Crisis.In the Dominican Republic, the Johnson ecesis justified the assassination of Rafael Trujillo since his dictatorship had become a liability to the United States. Trujillo was at one point a United States ally because he was instinctive to protect its interests but he was cruel to his own people and the United States feared he would spark a revolution in the Dominican Republic, much alike the one that had brought Fidel Castro to power. There were many things that the United States ignored as it followed the polices that they had enacted. One, being the lack of evidence that there was a relationship between C astro and the Soviet Union before 1959. Another being that the Alliance for Progress was modeled on the Marshall Plan for Western Europe but Latin America was not Western Europe (92). There was also the contradiction between the Alliance for Progress, that it was nice than the method that it followed in Latin America during the 1960s.

Environment Industry Marketing

The study is about the compend of the environs of gondola exertion and the selling system for crosswalk beat back conjunction. It initiates with examining of external surroundings of machine application by utilizing PEST analysis and Porter s five forces analysis. after the internal analyses that focus on the resource audit on craftiness epithet, productions, grocery stores, engineering, quite a little and boy on, the mensurate concatenation analysis of the gild exit be behavior. Then the generic free-enterprise(a) schemes would be discussed through SWOT analysis, Ansoff matrix and BCG ground substance in tell apart to attitude the general partake scheme taken by the fording Company. After stipulating the connection scheme by those analysis tools, the strategic ratings would be drawn unneurotic with the scheme control rules. Fin every last(predicate)y, a suggested recommendation for the caller here subsequently development will be menti whizzd at the t erminal of the study.I. Introduction1.1 Aim of The ReportThis study aim to sharpen the external environmental of the sublunary automobile pains, step and evaluate feasible and sustainable selling schemes utilizing by the traverse Motor Company. Through appropriate suppositional constructs and suppositious accounts, together with appropriate methodological analysiss, the organisation at heart its stage settingual scene will be c ar wide-eyedy examined, and warrant recommendation will be mentioned. Though the study, how a successful mountain is operated and how its worry scheme is implemented and controlled will be understood.1.2 Company Background intersection Motor Company is an Ameri merchantman transnational corporation and one of the universe s prodigiousst auto manuf coiffeurer based on world-wide vehicle gross revenues. It has industries and distributes gondola cars in 200 grocery stores across six continents and has approximately 300,000 employees and 108 work ss worldwide 1 . get over now encom passagewayes umteen a(prenominal) wandering craftiness make waters, including Lincoln and Mercury of the US, Jaguar and realm R over of the UK, and Volvo of Sweden and one-third commanding involvement in Mazda all(prenominal) act acceptable 1 . crossroad introduced methods for hulky fabrication of cable cars under dissimilar championship name and large-scale direction of an industrial work force and its combination of extremely efficient mills and impoverished monetary values revolutionized fabrication had made the company successfully go a universe fetching car industry.1.3 Rational of Company Selection car industry is a consistant developing industry in the world(a) in the twenty-first century. get over Company is a universe taking automobile industry, which has its concern all over the universe. To analysis the planetary car industry environment and the development scheme for much(prenominal) a universe celebrated compa ny would be a greate aid to understand how concern schemes are generated, implementated and controlled and meanwhile to see how would the company fiddle out to maintain its concern perform good when confronting a multiform environment and a decrease grocery storeplace.1.4 Company Vision, Mission and ValueThe company s vision is to be get it on the universe s prima company for self-propelling mathematical products and services. And the company s mission is to go a global, diverse house take away with a proud heritage, passionately committed to supplying outstanding productions and services. And together with a company value that do the right thing for our mint, our environment and our society, but above all for our lymph glands 2 .Based on its vision, mission and company value, the hybridizing Company is enterprise to maintain its prima place in the planetary, and do elbow grease to supply first-class merchandises and services that satisfied its customers. Approachs th at be taken to read through it ends and aims with sing the harmoniousness of concern environment and modern society.II.EXTERNAL ANALYSIS2.1Environmental Analysis2.1.1 Industry BackgroundThe universe car industry has good unquestionable for many other(prenominal) decennaries and stable rising slopement was made during recent sr. ages. Now the automotive fabrication sphere of influence produce over 60 million vehicles every class 3 and lend approximately 2.45 trillion Euro one-year grosss 4 . There are legion universe celebrated car manufacturers all round the planetary, and although the emulation in car industry becomes more and more ferocious, it is still one of the biggest marts in planetary industry.2.1.2 PEST AnalysisFinlay 5 point out that distant environment have-to doe with concerns by an indirect manner and would do alterations in a company s operation. The car industry touches on a broad range of facets, such(prenominal) as industry, supply concatenation, retaili ng and so on. As a consequence, many factors such as authorities policies, local ordinances, and societal civilization differences would act upon this industry. By patterning the distant environment with PEST analysis ( see appendix I ) , factors that would match the planetary car industry would be examined.2.1.2.1 Political and intelligent.Competition PolicyAnti-monopoly policies such as the EU competition policy tack several barriers to competition to do original houses operate under a certain legal model 6 . This policy has force a perfect competition in car industry and will perfectly impact car industries selling scheme to few extend through forestalling houses from conspiring by price-fixing and every snatch good commanding the coat of houses.. Environment LegislationsNowadays, much attendance has been prone to the environmental issues. Organization such as European Environmental Liability Directive has formulated many Torahs and ordinances for environment protection 7 . Those statute laws force industries to study over the environmental harm their operations may convey along, so that industries necessitate to take action to protect the environment.. Car Industry Legislations and PoliciesFirst, ordinances in many parts abide introduced different emanation bounds for Diesel and gasolene vehicles. Since 2005, all cars have to make the Euro 4 emanation monetary standard in European reads 8 . And in America, stricter emanation criterion is set since 2005 9 .Besides, around authoritiess are promoting car manufacturers to bring forth environmental friendly vehicles. For illustration, UK authorities had asked car industries to plan untested extremist low C househ senior auto in 2003 10 , which says sack up be the measure rock of the new genesis fuel efficiency autos..TaxationWith the infliction of a fuel revenue enhancement, consumers will hold to believe more carefully about their buying determinations. In the planetary, many states has sin cerely elevated fuel revenue enhancement, such as in the UK, it has took revenue enhancement higher up to 81.5 % of the perfect monetary value of fuel 11 . And in Europe, EU has imposed a minimal revenue enhancement of 0.287 Euro per litre on gasolene 12 . As a consequence of such a high fuel revenue enhancement, the use of autos would be reduced to a great extent for many people.2.1.2.2 Economic.Economic Growth and InflationFor these old ages, the planetary economic system is crook steady. Forecasters say that the mean universe growing rate of 4.9 per centum in the period 2003-2006 will go on at least for the following two old ages 13 .In footings of rising prices, there is a study shows that an increase planetary rising prices with the one-year rate of consumer monetary value rising prices in the U.S. went up to 4.2 per centum in May,2007 2.2 per centum in Great Britain and 2.5 per centum in the Euro zone 14 . As a consequence of the increase rising prices, people may prefer t o pass their money right now alternatively of salvaging money in the bank and it would promote people to devour merchandises such as cars..TradeGlobalization has removed many barriers to cross-b direct of magnitude activities and international trade foot make great bechances for local concerns to spread outing their concern into new countries overseas to perform into a whole new set of possible clients 15 .The ever-finisher international concern relationship would supply the industry more represent-efficient resources and meanwhile cater clients the chances of wider picks..Labour ForceThe unemployment work in the planetary is increasing every twelvemonth. It is said that no affair in the developed states like United States and the United earth or in the development states in China, and India, they are bring forthing less employment than it has in the past even though economic growing is strong 16 . So, in many topographic points all around the universe, the velocity of occup ation creative activity nookie non catch up with the gait of population growing. This big figure of unemployment indicates that many people may hold non hold steady income to afford a auto..Personal Income and Distribution of WealthDespite a high and turning planetary mean income 17 , planetary distribution of wealth, ingestion, and chance still remain badly imbalanced. The wealthiest 20 per centum of the population consumes 80 per centum of the resources 18 . As a consequence, people who could afford an upper category merchandise but history for a little pro heap of the entire population and close people provided has the mean income.2.1.2.3 Social-cultural.DemographicspopulationAlthough recent long-run demographic projections suggest a fast slowing of planetary population growing, grounds shows that the figure of aged people is turning fast 19 . As a consequence, industries should see merchandise that oriented to the aged.familySome experts claim that there was a diminution in the mean size of family in the twenty-first century 20 .Due to the increasing figure of older people and the smaller size of family, I think the little auto may go the chief watercourse for its practicality..Private and Public TransportationThough the general transit may non be the first pick of well-nigh people, it is still the better(p) replacement of private transit such as private autos. This is particularly true when increasing automobile use generates or so negative impacts such as congestion, traffic mishaps and extra vehicle emanations. So some authorities is be givening to switch people off from private transit to public transit with the attempt that bettering the public debut 21 ..Environment spotsEnvironmental military controls that touch us all has now has drawn the attending of public. People become more awareness about environment issues such as air pollution and nursery gas emanation. For illustration, Public are informed by many channels about the impacts o f conveyance scum bag convey, such as the clime alteration, human wellness fondnesss and loss of biodiversity 22 . As a consequence, consumers may go more cautious when buying autos. interim it is evidently the use of environmental friendly merchandises would turn up an increasing tendency..Other Social Concernsauto parkingParking gutter be a large job for many drivers. It is ever difficult to happen a topographic point for parking and the monetary value charged for parking is sometimes goes really high 23 . As a consequence, some people would sooner to utilize public transit alternatively of utilizing their private autos.route safetyRoad accident is ever a large issue for drivers. Take UK for illustration, harmonizing to the 2005 one-year study of UK section of transit 24 , there is a entire figure of casualties in 2005 were 271,017 with a figure of 3,201 people killed and 28,954 injured. The high hazard of driving would act upon consumers determination on buying.public wellnes sRecent old ages some diseases such as SARS had challenged societal stableness 25 . This had consequence people s imposts and their behaviour to some extend. For illustration, there is a crisp lessening of public transit usage rate during the period of SARS in 2003. These public wellness issues more or less have influenced the planetary car commercialize.2.1.2.4 Technology.New EnergySince increasing attending has paid to environmental issues, research workers are testing actively for new exploitable resources that can alternatively of gaso name and Diesel.Bio-fuels are one of the most surpass-loved replacements at current, which says made from renewable resources such as agricultural harvests or waste. They are more environmental friendly and can be refined as conventional gasoline that employ in today s engines 26 .An some other(a) replacement is natural gas that is comparatively cleaner comparison with other options. Besides, it is claimed that natural gas is non merely a i nexpensive energy, but overly can good suited to driving utilizations 27 .In add-on, Lewin 28 believe H fuel cell autos that will hit the market in close hereafter and many car manufacturers are be aftering to establish this sort of merchandise.Besides, solar reason is as well as a exe get alongable replacement for car manufacturers. It is claimed that the really first solar king trade for resuscitating auto batteries had made by a Canadian maker of solar panels with the VW 29 ..Computer Aided Design ProgramWernle and Bolduc 30 point out that vehicles form in the new century must be typical and tempting so that it would win a ideal market distribute. It is ever a difficult and clip devouring procedure for auto home(a) decorator to plan a auto that non merely social unite with great comfort and safety public entry, but besides has alone manner. Now, with the aid of some computing machine plans such as Alias it would salvage much clip for car manufacturers to acquire autos to market quicker by cut pop the figure of clay theoretical accounts and paradigms 30 .. GPS and Car Navigation SystemIt is study that Garmin Ltd. , the largest GPS device shaper in the universe had sold around 5 million units in 2006 for personal pilotage equipment 31 . Presents, GPS becomes more and more of outcome to auto drivers in every twenty-four hours life. With the aid of GPS system randomness associated by mileometers, gyroscopes 32 , a auto pilotage systems can acquire drivers wherever they want to travel. Information is transmitted by self-governing pilotage systems without the intimacy of an external waiter by the usage of a bipartisan communicating between pilotage centre and the onboard vehicle detectors. The system can cipher the optimal path automatically and so give necessary ushers and some programmes even can supply users with extra information such as hotels and shopping promenades demoing on its digital maps. As GPS and auto pilotage system has widely accep ted by many people, it will go an of import factor when people doing their consideration.2.2 The geomorphologic Analysis of IndustriesCompetition between houses is important to modern economic systems 33 . In competitory environment, there is a set of external influences which is able to impact administrations action 34 . Administrations have to to the full understand that environment in devote to do attempt to make competitory advantage so that to accomplish success. In the undermentioned portion, Porter s five-forces ( see appendix II ) attack will be used to analyzing the competitory environment.2.2.1 The Menace of EntryJohnson 34 suggest that the barriers to doorway find the menace of entry. If the barriers are high so the menace of entry would be comparatively low 35 .The entryway barriers in planetary auto industry can be proposed as followers. Economies of weighing machineSince the of all time falling auto monetary value 36 , in cast to cut batch cost, many car manuf acturers keep increasing their end product volume. For illustration, Toyota Motor Manufacturing had increased from 220,000 to 285,000 on Toyota Corolla and Avensis theoretical accounts in UK 2004 one-year production capacity and Mazda s domestic production capacity has increased by 14 per centum in the same twelvemonth 37 . Therefore, new entrants who want to come in this industry have to come in with either at a big gradational table and hazard strong reaction from bing companies or they have to come in at a little calibrated table and accept a cost disadvantage 35 .. Production preeminenceFor car manufacturers, it is ever stiff to make typical merchandises, as the basic techniques of auto fabrication are no longer a secret for few industries. Now the focal point is spotlight by bit turning to safety 38 , manner, comfort and new engineering for illustration a computing machine control panel such as supplying the driver with telematics, GPS 39 because of the quality spread among the different industry become narrower. As a consequence, it would evidently more clip consuming and would pass more money for those car manufacturers to plan a new theoretical account that is different from the rivals ..Capital demand of EntryTo entry the automotive industry requires non merely advanced technological but besides tremendous majuscule 40 . It be a batch on planing a new theoretical account, production, distribution and so on. And the larger the gradatory table the company has the more capital would be spent. So entrants who want to come into this industry should beginning(a) do certain if they have adequate money.. Cost Disadvantages Independent of ScalePorter 35 province that established companies may hold cost advantages such as proprietary merchandise engineering, fortunate locations, favourable entree to raw stuffs. Many celebrated car manufacturers have already established their cost advantages. Take the illustration of get over, it spend about 450 milli on on automotive research and development in Britain to maintain advanced engineering every twelvemonth. As a consequence, it is hard for a rival who does non hold cost advantages to interrupt into the industry.To sum up, the entry barriers in universe car industry is comparative high, so it is non an easy work for new entrants to come in to this field.2.2.2 dicker Power of SuppliersSuppliers may hold strong power over the industry if the industry is dominated by few tinrs or the shift costs is high to alter one from another 34 .When sing the constituents section of car industry, it is now confronting a globalisation tendency. Rivals non merely exist in the domestic market, but besides rise from abroad, which means that the constituents section is full of competition and the bargaining power of providers would be reduced.Beside, auto companies are now seeking constituent shapers and original equipment makers in some developing states such as India, China and Far East in order to sa lvage money 41 . Honda, which used to beginning major portion of its constituents from UK providers, for illustration, is now cut imbibe its UK seller base. As a consequence, this worldwide sourcing tendency has become a menace that limited the power of providers.In add-on, in car industry there is a tendency of allying with other makers to portion design and development costs late. It is said that vehicle industries are working together much closer with their spouses and seek to develop vehicle platforms jointly. Most of big auto makers like Ford, GM, and Volkswagen have cut down their figure of platforms 42 and some theoretical accounts will utilize the same platform in order to cut down cost. Manufacturers can non merely cut down their fabrication cost to some extend by this manner, but besides would go more stringy when bargaining with constituents providers because increasing volumes of constituents may necessitate. And meanwhile it may assist makers cut down natural stuff c osts.In a word, the bargaining power of providers in planetary car industry is low. It is an chance for many auto makers that provide a opportunity of be aftering their buying scheme better and more profitable.2.2.3 Bargaining Power of BuyersHarmonizing to Porter s 35 theory, purchasers have the power of coercing down monetary values, dickering for higher quality and more service, and playing rivals against to each one other. In the undermentioned portion, the bargaining power of purchaser in planetary industry will be discussed from several different facets..Products DifferentiationAs in planetary auto market the merchandise distinction is non really obvious due to the car industry ac have intercourseledge is no longer a secret. There are tonss of car manufacturers in this market, and the basic maps of their merchandises are about the same and the lone differences would be the design and some other extra maps. So clients can ever happen alternate provider who offers a cheaper mone tary value, gives the most satisfied merchandise, and provides the best client service.. Importance of BuyingIf the merchandise is really of import for the purchasers, the bargaining power of purchasers may relative high 35 . In car market, the importance of buying seems instead low. Statistic shows that in developed states, the mean ownership of autos is rather high, take Britain as an illustration, statistic shows that 3 in 4 families have entree to a auto and over half ( 52 % ) of all rural families had two or more autos in 2005 43 . So in those states to buying a new auto may non be so necessary for most of the households.. Information SearchingIf purchasers have full information about merchandise, demand, market monetary value, their bargaining power would be greater than those with less information 35 . We are now come ining a great new epoch of information. Peoples can seek merchandise information through assorted methods, such as friends, gross revenues assistant and differe nt medias. And it is said that persons particularly those who are extremely involved with the purchase of a merchandise are thought to be more active on information searching 44 . Today s mass media, no affair the newspapers, magazines, wireless, or telecasting, all contain a big sum of information. Besides, the entrance of Internet epoch has simplified the procedure of information seeking procedure to a great extend. each these factors mentioned supra have provided consumers with more information.What it comes down to me is that in car industry, the auto makers selling scheme would be effected by the comparative high client bargaining power.2.2.4 Pressure From Substitute MerchandisesSubstitutes play a restriction function in industry 35 , it provide the same map as the merchandise of the industry to restrains industry devising net income. There are several agencies would be the replacement merchandises of car.. Public Transportation systemPublic transit would come foremost to mos t of people when believing about the replacement of private autos. More and more people are willing to give up autos and utilize public transit particularly when the service of public transit is better.Besides, since there are increasing figure of SOHO workers, many people choose to work at place by Internet. So they do non necessitate a auto to drive to work, therefore the significance of having a auto is decreased.. Car rental and Car share-outToday, the ever-rising gasoline monetary value becomes another factor that forces many people cut down the use rate of their autos. Many people choose to deal a auto for travel or portion one auto between friends alternatively of driving entirely. As a consequence, demand of buying a auto would be decreased and there is increasing demand for auto rental particularly now some rental houses have provided more lie with and customerizedservices 45 .To sum up, public transit, auto rental and auto sharing could be some of the replacement methods of having private autos. All of these agencies have pressed imperil on the universe car industry.2.2.5 Intensity of Rivalry Among Existing CompetitionsPorter 35 point out that competition occurs for the ground that one or more rivals feels force per unit area or sees the chance to better place. In planetary car industry, competition among the rivals is really strong and the major rivals are closely balanced so that the competition is increasing intense. Besides old challengers such as General Motors, Ford, Volkswagen, those Nipponese car manufacturer like Toyota and Honda now are deriving stronger power in this industry. Because there is small distinction among the merchandises, when make up ones minding buying, one challenger is ever compared to another invariably in monetary value, quality, lastingness, and many other facets. As a consequence, in order to derive market portion in the car industry, company should supply better merchandise every bit good as better service so that i t could take the market portion from their rivals.2.3 Strategic Group AnalysisTo place strategic chemical groups which has similar strategic features, following similar schemes or viing on similar bases can assist to understand the most direct rivals and of any given organisation and besides can assist place possible chances and menaces 34 .Strategic groups in car industry can be identified harmonizing to the merchandise s category and slur such as those upper category industries such as BMW, Mercedes Benz, and up medium, medium and lower medium industries such as Honda, Ford and other market section such as charge auto and so on. In different parts, each groups power are vary. It is indispensable to Ford Company to place different state of affairs in different topographic points all over the universe, so that the concern scheme can be chosen decently.III. inseparable ANALYSIS3.1 Resource AuditResource audit is utile in understanding strategic capableness harmonizing to Johnson 34 . To place the handiness of resource that can be used is of import for a concern. In the followers, the resource of Ford Company would be examined.3.1.1 BrandThe Ford Motor Company controls the many auto trade names wouldwide, such as Jaguar, , rural area Rover, Lincoln, Mazda, and Volvo 1 .Through acquisition, Ford Company got control of some celebrated trade names such as Land Rover, Jaguar and Volvo. Based on the client cognition and trust of those upper category trade names, the gross revenues of other sections and trade names of Ford auto had been promoted 46 . By constructing the image of Combining hearty refined design and the best new engineerings available 2 , the company becomes a powerful challenger in the market, and the trade name has widely accepted by many people.3.1.2 Merchandises and market placeFord has legion locations where Ford vehicles are developed, manufactured, sold or distributed 47 . These works and office locations work to supply a footing of the c ompany s prima place in auto market for many old ages, which take duty in fabrication vehicles and power merchandises, technological development, buying and distribution its merchandises all around the universe. Although with high cost-efficient Ford theoretical accounts such as Transit, Fiesta and Focus that have become the best marketer for many old ages 82 , there would be a job of shriveling of market and worsening in profitableness recent old ages.3.1.3 FinanceHarmonizing to Ford Company 2006 one-year study 48 , although the company is at loss during the twelvemonth for the unsated public presentation in North American market, the state of affairs in Europe market is still profitable with the gross revenues of vehicles that generated the major income and hard currency of the company s automotive sphere of influences gross. In add-on, the involvement on finance receivables generated the primary income of the company s fiscal services sector s gross. Based on its vehicles and f iscal service gross revenues, the company has the ability to back up some engineering development or hold some far investing such as Diesel technology 49 .3.1.4 TechnologyFord invests to a great extent in new engineering. In Britain merely, it spends around 450 million on automotive research and development yearly. In Dunton Technical Centre, it has the largest automotive design and technology installation in the UK and one of the most advanced installations of its sort in Europe 47 . The accent on engineering enables the company have a solid footing of merchandise development. As a consequence, competitory advantage through new technique, programmes such as digital in-vehicle system called Sync created with Microsoft 50 that is turning out this summer is a good illustration.3.1.5 PeoplesIn order to fit its employees with stronger capableness, Ford offers good equipped larning resource centres and developing programmes for all employees. These human resource direction actions has n on merely trained comfortable qualified employees for the company, but besides provided a base for bring forthing conversations of company s strategic alteration 51 . On the other manus, recent bad public presentation forced Ford Company to shear its employees. It is said that a downsized Ford would cast up to 30,000 occupations and 14 mills by 2012 in order to be more advanced 86 .3.2 Value mountain range AnalysisValue concatenation ( see appendix III ) analysis has been widely adopted as a manner of understanding the relationship between strategic capableness and administration s resources.As to Ford Company, in its really early old ages, the company has controlled the full value concatenation 52 , now it endeavors to incorporate its multi-tiered value concatenation which include main elements such as real-time quality feedback from the market to tier, stock list decrease, dealing decrease, collaborative ocular design studios, rapid client feedback, accelerated clip to market 53 . Through those actions, the resource use is enhance so there would be less resource is wasted during the production and dealing. Besides, the cost efficiency has increased by constructing the economic systems of graduated table, cut downing supply cost and heavy communications between providers and purchasers. In add-on, a carefully planned selling mix and a better service would advance strength, such as the attempts that the Ford Company put on CarsDirect and online merchandising 54 .IV. GENERIC COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES4.1 SWOT Analysis4.1.1 StrengthensCompany s Large ScaleFord Company is one of the largest automotive makers in the universe. It manufactures and distributes cars in 200 markets across six continents 1 . The big size has brought the company economic systems of graduated table every bit good as name acknowledgment and client trust.Product DiversityThrough acquisition, Ford Company now has owned many universe celebrated trade names include Ford, Jaguar, Land Rover, L incoln, Mazda, Mercury and Volvo 1 . The company s merchandises has penetrated into every sections of car industry and each trade names has its ain strengthens in different section, such as Land Rover is celebrated of its 4X4 vehicle and Lincoln is a good know luxury auto.Profitable Financial Services DivisionThe fiscal services division, Ford Motor Credit, plays a cardinal function in maintaining the company afloat. dismantle the automotive division are reported at loss 48 , there is grounds that the fiscal services still remain net income. As a consequence, the gross made by fiscal services division would be a great aid when its automotive sector is non executing good.Strategic shackleBy collaborating with some strategic confederation, the company can profit a batch from the advantages of their spouses . Ford has announced to get down offering Sony-branded audio systems in Ford and Mercury cars 55 and Microsoft package will be used for the Ford Sync wirelesss 56 . Besides, Ford Company besides support rushing squads such as NASCAR 57 and it besides participated in sport event such as expression one for many old ages and it is one of the taking maker in automotive racing 1 . This accomplishment has brought good repute to the company.4.1.2 FailingsBad Proformance in US marketAs an American auto industry, Ford Company done severely in its domestic market recent old ages. The dissatisfactory public presentation in the US market has affect the company s operations to a great extend.Decline in ProfitablenessThe company s profitableness has declined in recent old ages. The company recorded grosss of $ 160,123 million during the financial twelvemonth ended December 2006, a lessening of 9.5 % over 2005 harmonizing to the 2006 one-year study 48 . In add-on, the 2006 one-year study besides shows that the company s mean gross growing during financial 2006 stood at negative of 9.5 % which is lower than the industry norm of 10.2 % during the same period.Decline in Mark et ShareThough Ford is the 1 of the biggest car manufacturer, its public presentation is non that satisfied, as it has lost its market portion in the few old ages. reason shows that Ford may fall from 2nd to 4th topographic point in market portion in 2007 behind General Motors, Toyota, and Chrysler 60 . The diminution in overall market portion would chiefly due to worsen in company s retail market portion in my sentiment. As a consequence, continued diminutions in company s market portion would do a significant bad consequence on company fiscal status and its operations.Merchandises RecallsFord has recalled a figure of vehicles in 2007 owing to assorted grounds. It is reported that 37,400 has been recalled 2008-model-year F-Series Super Duty trucks with 6.4-liter Diesel engines following studies of tailpipe fires 58 and recalled about 527,000 Ford Escape from the 2001-04 theoretical account old ages because the antilock brake system poses a safety jeopardy 59 . These merchandises r ecalls has influenced the gross revenues to some extent because clients would get down to discredit the quality and lastingness of the merchandises.4.1.3 OpportunitiesEnvironmental Friendly MerchandisesNowadays, as a consequence of the increasing consciousness of environmental issues, authoritiess has issued many environment protection ordinances such as set more fuddled emanation criterion and consumers besides began to demo their willingness of buying environmental friendly merchandises. As a consequence, the clearer and more fuel-efficient autos would be an chance in the hereafter. Ford Company had set up a Centre to spearhead the development of intercrossed vehicles in Gothenburg, Sweden. The Centre is portion of a planetary enterprise to rush up the debut of fuel-efficient intercrossed vehicles 61 .Opportunities in ChinaChina has a great market potency with a incessantly developing economic system and based on a big population. In China, particularly those coastal metropolis s, the life criterion is increasing dramatically, and buying a auto has become a common issue for many in-between category households. With its spouses Changan self-propelled Corp. and Mazda Motor Corp. , Ford is accomplishing more growing. It is said that the joint go s gross revenues more than doubled in 2006, and all Ford Motor trade names ( Ford, Lincoln, Land Rover, Jaguar and Volvo and the commercial Transit ) had post gross revenues 86.6 % higher than in 2005 62 . The good impulse of Chinese market provides large chances to the company to do net income in this possible market.4.1.4 Threatens travel Raw Material PriceIt is said that makers will pay more for natural stuffs 63 . The company s natural stuff cost is increasing due to lift in monetary values of aluminium and steel and McKay 64 suggest that a combination of factors led it to believe most metals would be stronger in the short to medium term. As a consequence, the company may hold to pass more on those indispensable natural stuffs for its production.Stricter Emission StandardsThe European partnership adopted Euro3 and Euro4 as comprehensive emanations ordinances for rider vehicles and heavy and light commercial vehicles in 1999 and In 2005, the European Union created a new emanation criterion ( Euro5 ) and is more rigorous on demands for gasolene vehicles and Diesel vehicles, which will go effectual get downing around 2009 65 . Because of the more and more rigorous emanation criterion, the company have to plan and bring forth more fuel-efficient vehicles in order to fit those criterions.Increasing CompetitionFord s market portion has declined thanks to fierce competition among its old challengers and the freshly coming Nipponese companies. Not merely its old challengers such as GM and VW are seeking their best to supply better merchandises and services to their clients, meanwhile, these Nipponese vehicle makers such as Toyota and Honda now have established a strong market place in the rider a utos section, and even mean to process light trucks section 66 where Ford may used to be strong. This state of affairs has adventure the Ford Company s market to a great extent.4.2 Strategic OptionsSpecific strategic options for development are most usefully considered in the context of the overall generic scheme which an organisation is prosecuting pointed by Johnson 34 . Depend on the pervious analyzing on the competitory environment the generic schemes of Ford Company will be discussed in the followers.4.2.1 Porter s Genetic StrategyPorter 35 argues that cost leading scheme, distinction scheme and concentrate scheme are three cardinal methods that enable a house to accomplish sustainable competitory advantage.4.2.1.1 Cost LeadershipCost leading can assist a company to be an above-average performing artist and enable the company the handiness of commanding monetary values suggested by Porter 35 , and elements like economic systems of graduated table, experience, location, cloc king all can be the cost drivers.It reckons that the Ford Company s labour costs account for merely about 9 % of its entire costs of production, and conveyance to clients that are largely moderately local or at least in the same continent, which are a farther 2 % . Based on these, once more with a heavy investing in mechanization, the company has the ability to vie with low-priced makers 67 . Besides, in order to command the overall cost, Ford had cut its provider to acquire lower costs by making concern with fewer, more capable providers 68 .4.2.1.2 DifferentiationPorter 35 defines distinction as to be alone in its industry along some dimensions that are widely valued by purchasers. Differentiation can be achieved by alone merchandise, monetary value, distribution, publicity, service and so on.Along with engineering invention such as the emerge of Ford Model U, merchandise distinction can be found in auto designing that alteration and grow with clients budget, demands, activities and personality. It is manufactured utilizing procedures and stuffs that are safe, productive and renewing, and it runs on clean, renewable energy 1 . Besides, services such as finance service and vehicle purchase programme besides make the company distinctive from others.4.2.1.3 Focus StrategyA focal point scheme is based on narrow competitory range within an industry. The focuser select a peculiar section or group of sections so tailor their merchandises to run into the demand of client better 35 .As there are so many trade names under the Ford Company, each trade name may concentrate on a certain section so that the clients would non be dispersed, and it is easier to fulfill those peculiar demands of their mark clients. For illustration, Land Rover is celebrated of its off-road vehicles Lincoln is the representative of luxury autos and Ford is executing better in average category section.4.2.2 Alternate Directions for Strategy DevelopmentIn this subdivision, the strategic waies that Ford Company would used will be set out based on the Ansoff Matrix ( see appendix IV ) . By usage this model, the manner that can accomplish growing through merchandise scheme can be identified 6 .4.2.2.1 Market PenetrationMarket assault in bing markets with present merchandises is through winning rival s clients by more effectual publicity or distribution, or cutting monetary values 6 .Cutting monetary value would pull more clients. The cost-effective orientation can be found in Ford trade name such as the cost-saving advantages of the new Mondeo is the cardinal sell point that from cheaper insurance to take down fuel ingestion 69 .Ford s more luxury trade names such as Land Rover prefer the utilizing of publicity instead than price-cutting in order to maintain its trade name image in their clients head. Take Land Rover as an illustration, for the publicity of its latest Freelander 2 in Great Britain it use heavy Television advertizement every bit good as direct mail battal ion related to the ads 70 .Besides, Ford now has focused on the value pricing, which accomplished chiefly by cutting the spine monetary value. Through value pricing, dealing monetary values ( the figure really paid ( or financed ) by the purchaser ) is closer to sticker monetary values and consequently clients would experience more valuable and the immense discounts paid to clients would be reduced as good, which creates a cost advantage 71 .4.2.2.2 Market DevelopmentA market development method the organisation maintains its present merchandises and at the same clip embarking into new market countries, which include come ining new market sections, working new merchandise maps and distributing into new geographical countries 34 .The switch to bring forth other merchandise is non easy for car manufacturers, so develop new market is a wise pick when present market is going saturated. As the unsated gross revenues public presentation on the US market in recent old ages, Ford is now read y to develop its market in South Africa and Asia ( particularly in China and India ) .Ford is be aftering to extinguish its old corporate constructions which cognize as the independent concern units, and unify its automotive operations worldwide. The company established westward markets which offer merely limited growing possibilities and have an effort to turn outside its traditional markets where tend to be more market potency 72 . Ford has ready set up assembly operations in such states as China, India, Vietnam, Poland and Belarus and South Africa every bit good as an of import portion of its planetary lardment programme.4.2.2.3 Product DevelopmentHarmonizing to Jobber 6 , merchandise development involves the development of new merchandises for bing markets, including widening bing merchandise lines to offer greater pick and merchandise replacing that offers new theoretical accounts or trade names.Ford is ever seeking a manner of developing its merchandises. This twelvemonth, with the Ford Flex that introduced in troop, the Ford s planetary merchandise development system comes to the market. The system uses computer-created practical tools alternatively of expensive and time-consuming physical paradigm testing and the company hopes that up to 80 per centum will come under the practical umbrella in the following few old ages 73 . With the aid of the new system, new theoretical accounts would more easy designed and face to the populace in less clip.Besides, Ford besides endeavored to seek some environmental friendly merchandises alternatively of the old 1s to accommodate to the worldwide environment protection issues. It was the first American car shaper to establish a intercrossed vehicle. It is study that Its Escape loanblend athleticss public-service corporation vehicle produces 80 % less smog than ordinary vehicles 74 .Through merchandise development, the Ford would better its merchandises in order to fulfill clients demand and wants better, so that the public presentation of the company can be enhanced.4.2.2.4 DiversificationDiversification is the option that concerns the development of new merchandises in new markets. It is suggested as the most wild option, but besides can be the most rewarding 1 6 .Ford s fiscal service sector is a trade name new merchandise in its un-reached market. However, when the company s automotive division is describing at loss, the fiscal service division is still reported net income 48 . Now the fiscal services division is considered as a chief factor that keeps debt ball turn overing 75 . As a consequence, in order to maintain the company afloat, it is of import to maintain the good public presentation of the fiscal service sector.4.2.3 BCG MatrixIn the followers, the portfolio planning of Ford Company would be examined through BCG Matrix ( see appendix V ) . By utilizing BCG Matrix, determinations sing the pick of which brands to construct, keep, harvest or divest would be decided.The Ford Com pany BCG Matrix can be identified as the undermentioned manner ( see table 1 ) Ford Company s chief trade name Ford performs good in the medium/lower market, particularly in the European market and in China. Several theoretical accounts have become the best marketer in the market recent old ages. As a consequence, it is possible to put more on them in order to accomplish farther development. Bill Ford had point out that Chinese market has big potency 83 , so Ford Company now has wage more attending on Chinese market. Besides, as a wider credence of Nipponese autos, Mazda besides becomes a star trade name. Some people believe that Ford should enlarge the portion in Mazda in order to increase the capableness to vie with other trade names such as Toyota or Honda 84 .However, in the turning non-luxury market, Volvo and Mercury may have fewer market portion comparison with Ford and Mazda. The profitableness may non so satisfy with these two trade names, so they become inquiry Markss and necessitate farther consideration on investing. Ford Company choose non to deprive these trade names but seek to construct them and try to turn the inquiry marks into stars to obtain more portion in upper medium market.In the shrinkage higher car market, Ford s Lincoln and Land Rover have comparative high market portion. Customer trueness towards these trade names is high, so in the section they still have their power to be the hard currency cow to supply liquid financess. It is wise to keep the gross revenues and market portion of hard currency cattles so that extra hard currency would be used to fund the development of stars or inquiry Markss.On the other manus, another luxury trade name Jaguar may be the dog merchandise of the company that needs to reap or divest. Ford Company in conclusion decides to sell the Jaguar trade name 85 in order to bring forth a positive hard currency flow to fund other trade names and operation.V. EVALUATION AND CONTROL5.1 Strategic EvaluationIt is o f import to measure corporate schemes to guarantee that a company is accomplishing its ends through right way. To analyze if the concern aims, programs and policies are appropriate is indispensable for the organisation development. There are three major standards of measuring concern schemes suitableness, acceptableness and feasibleness 34 .5.1.1 SuitabilitySuitability touch about if the schemes fit the environment and the organisation capableness and to see if the schemes can run into the outlooks of stakeholders 34 .In footings of business-level schemes, Ford Company takes the advantage of its big graduated table and makes the best of its diverseness of trade names to heighten its concern profile and enlarge its concern country. Each trade name under the Ford Company can hold their ain mark market and clients, and at the same clip different selling scheme can be used to hike gross revenues. This scheme is suiting good with the corporate development that guarantee a solid footing of its growing. Besides, Ford Company s generic schemes can be considered successful for the perfect public presentation in its concerns particularly in its star trade names such as Ford and Mazda.As to the merchandise development and international enlargement schemes, Ford Company s different growing scheme through that used on different mark market can be considered in the right way. By utilizing market incursion scheme through mooing the cost and supply a cost-effective Ford trade name merchandises and increasing the publicity of its luxury car trade names, the market place would be good protected. Besides, by working market in some underdeveloped state and new merchandises development, market development and merchandise development scheme is good received. In add-on, the variegation is found effectual in its fiscal service sector where conveying tonss of net income every twelvemonth.And for portfolio direction, it is sensible for Ford Company to keep its stars and sell several t rade names that has limited hereafter development potency in order to obtain adequate money to fund other trade names.5.1.2 AcceptabilityAcceptability is implicated with the expected public presentation results of a scheme in footings of return, hazard and stakeholder reactions 34 . As Ford Company s fiscal public presentation can be found now on the downward, harmonizing to company s one-year study ( 2006 ) 48 , the company s developing scheme should be carefully examined to see the market chance. For illustration, although the intercrossed vehicle may hold potency in the hereafter, the right clip to set to much attempt on this sort of merchandise may non yet come. If the company spends excessively much money on it, there would be a fiscal hazard. So, in order to guarantee a solid enlargement in the hereafter, market incursion scheme would foremost be considered. In add-on, as the fiscal service sector is public presentation good, it is the right clip to beef up this market in ord er to win more net income to back up the company s operation.5.1.3 FeasibilityFeasibility is concerned with whether an organisation has the resources and competencies to present a scheme 34 .Ford Company s fiscal public presentation can be found now non such satisfied. Harmonizing to company s one-year study ( 2006 ) 48 , the company is seen a downward tendency. Both the gross revenues and the market portion are found declined. As a consequence of this, the company s developing scheme may face troubles. The company would non hold suitable financess to back up its merchandise development schemes every bit good as the international enlargement scheme.Besides, The rival s state of affairs is an of import factor that would impact the company s scheme. Although most of Ford s chief challengers such as Volkswagen, Renault and Peugeot have besides found diminution, the Nipponese car manufacturer Toyota still in growing 76 . And Toyota is the major challenger that compete with Ford on its most possible intercrossed vehicle market 77 . This state of affairs would consequence the merchandise development of the Ford Company, as a consequence, the company should take action to forestall farther diminution in order to keep strength to vie with its challengers.5.2 Strategic ControlAfter critical evaluating of the company scheme and comparing the existent public presentation with coveted consequences, feedback would be bring forth for direction in order to make up ones mind how to take disciplinary actions 52 .After experienced a hard twelvemonth in 2006, Ford Company is taking dramatic stairss to transform its concern by bettering cost construction, raising merchandise quality, obtaining funding and replenishing merchandise line with new vehicles 48 . The company hoped that good consequences could be seen through these strategic controls.Besides, Ford s regional operations that run as mostly independent concern units in the yesteryear are considered to be changed due to in efficiencies past systems. In December 2006, the company announced an organisational realignment that purpose to better operation effectivity had puts extra focal point on markets and clients and accent on better leveraging its planetary assets and capablenesss 48 . By sharing vehicle architectures and constituents globally, and taking full advantage of planetary economic systems of graduated table, the company will leverage its resources worldwide more expeditiously 48 .In add-on, because of the bad public presentation in the North America Market, the company has decided to repair its concern in that country. A $ 5 billion decrease in one-year operating costs by 2008 would be put into consequence. At the same clip, the company is speed uping new merchandise development, it is said that it will rush up the clip it takes new merchandises to market by 30 to 50 per centum 48 . And the most recent determination made by Ford Company that to sell Jaguar and Land Rover is another methods t o do money which can used to reconstitute the company s North American operation because it conveying the company one million millions of financess if they successfully sell the two trade names.VI. RecommendationBased from pervious analysis and rating of Ford Company s schemes, here comes some recommendations.On business-level scheme, it should maintain on prehending chances of new concern and by utilizing its advantages on corporate graduated table to spread out concern country. Opportunities exist non merely in its traditional markets in those western states, large potency can be found in other part such as Latin America and Asia. Besides, the fiscal service sector is found full of possible, so accent could be put in this country in order to bring forth more financess to back up its car sector.Besides, the company should beef up its nucleus concern, new merchandises that are more cost-efficient and typical could be concentrated on in order to hike the gross revenues and grosss by get the better ofing challengers . Besides, some star concern of the company should still be paid attending to, such as to maintain Ford s market place in China, strengthen the gross revenues of 2006 best marketer such as Ford Fiesta, Mondeo, Focus in the European market 82 , do attempt to maintain these theoretical accounts being the market leader. Meanwhile, production cost should be purely controlled to accomplish higher border. Some programs that focus on a comparatively little market such as the intercrossed vehicles would be postponed after the company s public presentation is turnaround to positive.In add-on, if the merchandising of Land Rover and Jaguar still can non obtain adequate capital to carry through the deficient financess to reconstitute the North America operation, the company would hold to take to sell Volvo in order to buoy up the send of operate such a large company and bring forth adequate money to go on its concern.VII.CONCLUSIONAfter a elaborate analysis of the Ford Motor Company, decision may pull at that the transnational company adheres its mission and vision, through consistent schemes every bit good as the go oning planetary development to accomplish its concern ends and aims. Although its recent old ages bad public presentation had brought some troubles to the company, strategic alterations start with a solid foundation of squad work and an firm focal point on client 48 would hopefully convey dramatic consequences. The overall development of Ford Company s scheme and the manner of commanding its concern can be learned from many facets.II. Porter s 5 Forces CritiquePorter 35 provinces that the cardinal facet of a company s environment is the industry it competes because of industry construction has a strong influence on finding the competitory regulations and the company s schemes. He besides points out that outside forces normally affect all the houses in the industry, which depends on five basic competitory forces ( figure 2 ) .Beginning Porter, M. ( 1980 ) Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Rivals, MacMillan.Harmonizing to this model, the strength of competition determines a house s profitableness potency whereas the possible net incomes are opinionated by the comparative bargaining power of the houses and their clients and providers in the industry 80 . Harmonizing to McGee s 81 thought, these are five cardinal forces that influence the attraction of the industry and impact its profitableness.III.Value ChainA value concatenation ( see figure 3 ) links a set of value-creating activities that begin with natural stuffs, and from providers so move on to some valued-added bring forthing and selling activities, and at the terminal the distributers get the concluding goods so pass to the manus of the consumer 52 .A systematic analysis of single value activities can take to a better apprehension of a administration s capableness 52 .IV. Ansoff MatrixHarmonizing to Jobber 6 , Anosoff Matrix is a utile method to analyze growing chances. By uniting present and new merchandises, and present and new market into a 22 matrix, four merchandise schemes known as market incursion or enlargement, market development, merchandise development and variegation are revealed ( see figure 4 ) .V. The Boston Consulting Group Growth-Share MatrixHarmonizing to Jobber 6 , BCG matrix ( see figure 5 ) provides guidelines for strategic thought. By measuring the place of a concern in its industry, a company can get down to see the appropriate strategic aim for each line every bit good as the investing precedences.Figure 5 The Boston Consulting Group Growth-Share MatrixBeginning 78 Johnson, G. and Scholes, K. ( 1999 )Researching Corporate Strategy, 5th edition, Harlow Fiscal Times-Prentice HallwayMention 1 Ford Motor Company website& lt www.ford.com & gt ( entree on 20 July ) 2 Ford Motor Company UK web site& lt www.ford.co.uk & gt ( entree on 20 July ) 3 Gu, Y. ( 2002 ) Overview of universe car industry inWorld Manufacturing applied science & A Market,04/2002, p42-43. 4 Zhang, Z. ( 2003 ) Developing tendencies on universe car industry in the early old ages of the twenty-first century inWorld Manufacturing Engineering & A Market,04/2003, p35-36. 5 Finlay, P. ( 2000 )Strategic Management an debut to Business and Corporate scheme, Harlow Fiscal Times-Prentice Hall. 6 Jobber, D. ( 2004 )Principles and Practice of Marketing, 4th edition, Maidenhead McGraw-Hill. 7 Crowhurst, G. ( 2006 ) The Environmental Liability Directive A UK Perspective. in European Environmental Law Review, Vol.15, upshot 10, p266-276. 8 DieselNet web site, Emission Standard & lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.dieselnet.com/standards/eu/ld.php & gt ( accessed on 24 March 2007 ) 9 Yin, T. ( 2005 ) An Introduction to the American Emission Regulation for Motorcycles Runing on Expressway inMotorcycle Technology, 07/2005, p24-25. 10 The UK authorities s Ultra Low Carbon Car Ch allenge. inAutomotive Engineer, Vol.29, Issue 2, Feb 2004, p34-34. 11 Petrolprices web site, fuel revenue enhancement & lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.petrolprices.com/fuel-tax.html & gt ( accessed on 24 March 2007 ) 12 GTZ study International Fuel Prices 2007 13 Beams, N. ( 2007 ) After strong growing, universe economic system at a turning point& lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.wsws.org/articles/2007/apr2007/grow-a24.shtml & gt ( entree on 24 July ) 14 Counihan, G.. ( 2006 ) acknowledge in Finweek, 6/29/2006, p110. 15 Global trading planetary funding. in Works Management, Vol.60, Issue 5, May2007, p10. 16 Stokes, B. ( 2006 ) Jobless Globalization in national Journal, Vol.38, Issue 23, 6/10/2006, p58. 17 Pogge, T. ( 2005 ) Real World Justice. in Journal of Ethics, Vol.9, Issue 1/2, Jan2005, p29-5. 18 Jackson, S. ( 2007 ) Empires of the MIND. in Presidency, Vol.10, Issue 1, Winter2007, p14-19. 19 Francis, D. ( 1998 ) population Growth Slows, and Aged Ranks Rise. in Christian Science Monitor, Vol.90, Issue 234, 10/28/98, p6. 20 Potts, M. ( 2007 ) cosmos and environment in the 21st century. in Population & A Environment, Vol.28, Issue 4/5, Mar2007, p204-211. 21 Geerlings, H. , Klementschitz, R. and Mulley, C. ( 2006 ) Development of a methodological analysis for benchmarking public transit administrations a practical tool based on an industry sound methodological analysis. in Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.14, Issue 2, Jan2006, p113-123. 22 European Environment Agency ( 2003 ) Europe s environment the third appraisal inEnvironmental assessment study No.10,Luxembourg Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 23 BBC web site, parking & lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.bbc.co.uk/dna/actionnetwork/C2332 & gt ( accessed on 26 March 2007 ) 24 Department of conveyance, Road Casualties Great Britain 2005 one-year study . 25 Brad, A. and Jonathan, F. ( 2005 ) Toward Inherently Secure and Resilien t Societies . inScience, Vol.309, Issue 5737, p1034-1036. 26 Consider the options , in Economist, Vol.375, Issue 8424, Particular subdivision, 4/30/2005, p21-24. 27 Di Pascoli, S. , Femia, A. and Luzzati, T. ( 2001 ) Natural gas, autos and the environment. A comparatively clean and inexpensive fuel looking for users , in Ecological Economicss, Vol.38, Issue 2, p179. 28 Lewin, T. ( 2006 ) Hydrogen inches toward mass market . in Automotive News, Vol.81, Issue 6227, p22. 29 VW marks foremost solar power trade. in Automotive Engineer, Vol.31, Issue 2, Feb2006, p10. 30 Wernle, B. and Bolduc, D. ( 2004 ) Auto design enters a new aureate age , in Automotive News, Vol.78, Issue 6099, p20. 31 Frank, R. ( 2004 ) Safety Rules the Road , in Design News, Vol.60, Issue 14, p73-76. 32 Obradovic, D. , Lenz, H. and Schupfner, M. ( 2007 ) Fusion of Sensor Data in Siemens Car Navigation System , in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol.56, Issue 1, p43-50. 33 Hooley, G.. , Sa unders, J.and Piercy, N. ( 1998 ) Marketing Strategy & A Competitive Positioning, Second edition, Harlow Prentice Hall. 34 Johnson, G. and Scholes, K. ( 1993 ) Researching Corporate Strategy, 3rd edition, Hemel Hempstead Prentice Hall. 35 Poter, M. ( 1980 ) Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Rivals, MacMillan. 36 Automotive Fore

Life of Pi Thesis Essay

In the novel Life of Pi, Yann Martel uses indirect characterization to portray how the harshest divisors can bring out the most primal instincts in man, and the unexpected cooperation in the most primal of animals. This is used to symbolize the close similarities in the behavior of man and animal, although seemingly worlds apart at first glace. It is a constant spank between Pis thoughts and Pis actions that is needed to extend this characterization to the fullest. Martel does this by immortaliseing Pis religious and peaceful vegetarian genius in the beginning of the novel one that wouldnt even drink milk because it came from an animal. Yet when the time comes to put out he shows much less charitable actions, one fueled by starvation and the ordain to live. This characterization wouldnt have been fully accomplished in the readers mind without strong imagery as well.The relentless sun cast over the lifeboat along with the deep blue unforgiving sea is able to help the reader env ision the intense deliver down of Pis outer shell and revealing his inner primal core. Martel uses imagery to compliment the characterization of the tiger Richard Parker as well. The ferocity wouldnt be nearly as fervent without the image of a 450 pound Bengal tiger with a vigorous orange coat complemented with striking black stripes. These characteristics will drag the reader to a higher level of interest than a basic description alone, as well as a better discretion of the tigers sheer strength and beauty.Pi was afraid of Richard Parker more than anything else in the beginning of his voyage through the ocean, for it was the only thing he had cognize to be afraid of. His entire life had been serene, only being warned of the dangerousness of animals while tending the zoo. These emotions only lasted as long as his food rations, for quickly he realized he wasnt going to live if he spent all of his time watching out for the tiger. It was then that his personality begun to change. Hi s animal instincts had begun to show when he killed his first fish with his bare hands and ate it raw a feat he would not have dared to do prior in his lifetime even if the fish had been cooked. This instinct had also created safety from Richard Parker.Richard Parker could have easily killed Pi at any time, and Pi began to show a superiority that kept the tiger from attacking. It was superiority stronger than that of physical characteristics. In the tigers mind, Pi was the alpha male of theboat, regardless of Pis size. This was the bring up element in both of their survivals. Without the constant will to find enough food for both himself and the tiger in fear that the tiger would grow despairing and eat him out of hunger, and the dominance Pi wielded that kept Richard Parker from attacking his only food source, neither would have survived.Nature often plays a key quality in any novel dealing with survival. Any method of survival is in adaptation to nature. Without adaptation, th ere is no survival, and without nature, there is no adaptation. It is the key element in that which is living. However, it is the element of nature that made Pi and the tigers struggle to survive even more of a challenge. Bengal tigers as well as young boys do not normally live out in the middle of the ocean, so it is likely that both would have a struggle to survive in their unfamiliar surroundings.Not only do the extremities of nature have a great strain on physical strength, but on intellectual strength as well. Even the smallest things become torture in large doses. Pi had more trouble with the lengthy sunlight than the occasional rain storm. Although the rainstorm could turtle his lifeboat in one quick wave, it would have been done and over with. The prolonged brightness and intensity of the sun however, could capsize his mind, which is a much more painful death.Once Pi has landed on the shore of Mexico and rescued, he no longer needs to struggle to survive, nor does the tig er need to depend on Pi for survival. It is then that both animals part and adapt to their new environments yet again. Pi returns to the peaceful vegetarian, and Richard Parker becomes an independent hunter. This indicates that it is the outside surroundings that will often change characteristics of the actions of an animal, but will not change their truthful personality. Although Pi and Richard Parker changed their behavior in order to survive, they kept their same basic personalities throughout the journey. This shows that although man and animal may seem different in many ways, in the end they are both geared for survival, and although they change their actions quite often to adapt to their outside surroundings, their true selves are unchangeable.

Family Counsel Approach Essay

Within Whites therapy, the therapist adopts a position of consultant to those experiencing oppression at a personal aim from their hassles and at a political level from a mental-health discourse and set of practices which permeate western culture. Thus good deal with problems of living are viewed as requiring care in fighting back against these problems and practices which have invaded their lives. This positioning is described by White, drawing on ideas from the French philosopher Derrida (1981), as both deconstructionist and constitutionalist. A deconstructionist position entails em superpowering clients to subvert taken-for-granted mental-health definitions andpractices. A constitutionalist position entails works from the premise that lives and identities are constituted and shaped by three sets of factors The meaning people give to their experiences or the stories they reassure themselves to the highest degree themselves. The language practices that people are recruited into alongwith the type of words these use to story their lives. The situation people occupy in affectionate structures in which theyparticipate and the power relations entailed by these.The positioning of the clinician within narrative therapy shoots addressing these three sets of factors by deconstructing the sense people make of their lives, the language practices they use, and the power races in which they find themselves. In deconstructing practices of power, White draws on the work of the French philosopher Foucault (1965, 1975, 1979, 1980, 1984). People are unconsciouslyrecruited into the subjugation of their own lives by power practices that involve continual isolation, evaluation, and comparison.Eventu completelyy our clients internalize ludicrous societal standards, yet believe that in doing so they are justifiably aspiring to valued ideals of fulfillment and excellence. This leads, for example, to ego starvation and anorexia, extreme self-criticism in depression, or a sen se of powerlessness in the face of threat and anxiety. In turn, mental health professions have intensify this problem by developingglobal unitary accounts of these states that purport to be objective truths, such as the diagnostic categories contained in the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of arms IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition (World Health Organization, 1992). Furthermore, these professions support practices that prevent clients from questioning the socio-political contexts within which these so-called objective diagnostic truths emerged.The cooperative co-authoring position central to narrative practice is neither a one-up expert position nor a one-down strategic position. At a 1997 workshop White showed a clip of videotape in which he used turn taking at questioning to help a unexampled girl with a diagnosing of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder to participate in an interview.Other professiona ls involved in the case had been unable to help the girl to do this and had labeled her as uncooperative. White made an agreement with her early in the meeting that for every question she answered, she could ask him a question. The girl stuck to this bargain because she was very curious about his perception of theworld, since he told her at the outset of the meeting that he was color blind. This collaborative approach was highly effective in helping the girl tell her story about her difficulties in managing friendships and school work.Within Whites language in therapy there is an openness about the therapists working context, intentions, values, and biases. There is a privileging of the clients language rather than the therapists language. There is a respect for working at the clients pace that finds expression in regularly summarizing and checking that the client is comfortable with the pace. The therapist assumes that since social realities are constituted through language and org anized throughnarratives, all therapeutic conversations aim to explore multiple constructions of reality rather than tracking down the facts which constitute a single truth. There is no room for questions ilk From an objective viewpoint, what happened?All inquires are about individual viewpoints. How did you see the situation? How did your view differ from that of your mother/father/brother/sister/etc?There is a constant vigilance for marginalized stories that might offer an opening for the person to engage in what White (1989, 1995) refers to as an insurrection of subjugated knowledges. That is, an opening that will tolerate the person to select to construct the story of their lives in terms other than those dictated by the dominant narrative which feeds their problem. This requires the therapist to privilege listening over questioning, and to question in a way that helpsclients to see that the stories of their lives are actively constructed, rather than passively recounted and given.EXTERNALIZING THE PROBLEMExternalizing the problem is the central in counseling and oversight used by Michael White to help clients pop to define their problems as separate from their identities. A particular style of questioning is used to help clients begin to view their problems as separate from themselves. Central to this style of questioning is inquiring about how the problem has been affecting the persons life and relationships.Of a young boy with persistent soiling problems Michael White asked the boy and his parents a series of questions about Mr. Mischief, an externalized personification of the soiling problem Are you happy what Mr. Mischief is doing to your relationship? How is Mr. Mischief interfering with your friendships?Of a girl with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa he asked How far has anorexia nervosa encroached on your life? How did anorexia nervosa come to oppress you in this way?With people diagnosed as psychotic and experiencing auditoryhallucinations he asked What are the voices trying to talk you into? How will their wishes affect your life?In a health education find out which aimed to prevent the spread of aids, AIDS was personified and participants in the project were askedWhere will AIDS be found? How will AIDS be recognized?This procedure of ask questions in a way that assumes the problem and the person are quite separate helps clients to begin to externalize the problem and to internalize personal agency (Carr,1997). It whitethorn also interrupt the habitual enactment of the dominant problem-saturated story of the persons identity.In relative influence questioning the client is invited to first function out the influence of the problem on their lives and relationships, and second to map out the influence that they exert on the problem. Relative influence questioning allows clients to think of themselves not as problem-people but as individuals who have a relationship with a problem. Here are some examples of relative influe nce questions In that situation were you stronger than the problem or wasthe problem stronger than you? Who was in charge of your relationships then? Were you incharge or was the problem in charge? To what extent were you controlling your life at that point andto what extent was the problem controlling your life?This type of questioning also opens up the possibility that clients may report that on some make the problem influences them to the point of oppression, whereas on others, they can resist the problem.Thus relative influence questions allow clients to construct unique outcomes which are the seeds from which lives may be re-authored. When it is run that in some situations problems have a greater influence than people, whereas in other instances people win out, questions may be asked about clients views of contextual influences on this. Here are some examples of such questions What feeds the problem? What starves the problem? Who is for the problem? Who is against the problem ?

How Does Tourism Affect Hong Kong?

In this piece of coursework, I will keep a diary of primary and subaltern data and analyze them so that it dejection explain to me the circumstances which Hong Kong touristry is facing and how it can be improved in the future. It to a fault explains the advantages and disadvantages which tourism brings to Hong Kong.How I did it? What information was needed?In my piece of coursework, I will utilize a mixture of primary data such as questionnaires for tourists which I rich person designed and secondary data such as cuttings from newspaper and magazines. The questionnaire which I designed was used at hot tourist attractions in Hong Kong such as the Peak, Tsim Sha Tsui waterfront, Stanley and the Star Ferry. My questionnaire was designed to get an impression of Hong Kong from a tourists point of view. The secondary data such as newspaper and internet articles which I collared explains to me the watercourse state of tourism in Hong Kong.How does tourism affect Hong Kong economicall y?Tourism is one of the biggest industries in Hong Kong. In fact from research, Hong Kong is one of the most garbage downular unmarried destinations for tourists in the world. Hong Kong relies very heavily on tourism. Without tourism there wouldnt be Hong Kong. Each year, Hong Kong brings in more than 10 million tourists. However, there are two advantages and disadvantages of the large tourism industry in Hong Kong.Social hails and BenefitsFirstly, tourism brings to Hong Kong both(prenominal) private be derives, as well as social costs benefits. Private costs are costs paid by economic decision makers. Private benefit is benefit received by economic decision makers. Social costs and social benefits are costs and benefits associated with the society.* Private Benefit + External Benefit = Social Benefit* Private Cost + External Cost = Social CostYou can read also Classifications of RestaurantsThis Social Cost and Benefit graph clearly shows the system of tourism. The private c ost of tourism is the gold spent by the government or private sectors to lure more tourists into Hong Kong. This could mean make believeing more landmarks and tourist attractions or improving the surrounding environment. On the other hand, private benefit is when bringing in more tourists, a higher level of employment level could be achieved as the companies would be lots more likely co hire more labour to improve the companys service and efficiency to make more money from the tourists.The external cost of tourism is resulted from the usage of Hong Kongs land to produce landmarks to attract approach tourists. External cost of tourism also includes environment damage or loss of greenery. The external benefits of tourism is when the local companies improves their run in order to attract tourists, there would be a higher standard of upkeep for the local residents.The opportunity cost of the tourism industry is the next best alternative. If land is not used up to create build landm arks for tourists, the next best more business leader be to build better schools for improved education.For the society, the total benefit is the private benefit + external benefit, or in other words the social benefit. Only when the social benefit exceeds pass social cost will the tourism industry be beneficial to Hong Kong. accordingly, the office staff of both the government and private sectors is to decide to produce the honorable amount of services to make the tourism industry beneficial to Hong Kong.Circular Flow of IncomeA circular flow of income could be suited to the tourism industry. In a circular flow of income diagram, it shows the flow of money around the economy as it as passed between consumers and producers over time. The withdrawals from an economy is the money which is paid for goods and services what are produced within the economy such as tax and savings. Injections are the government exp interceptitures, investments or exports. Sometimes in the short term, w ithdrawals might exceed injection, thus far if the injection in the long run is more than that of withdrawals, there will be economic growth.National IncomeThe tourism industry plays a large role in contributing to the national income of Hong Kong. It is researched that a tourist is more likely to spend more money during their holiday weeks than any other week of the year. Therefore when tourists visit Hong Kong, they tend to spend a large proportion of their savings all in the particular visit to Hong Kong. The income from the tourism industry is mainly contributed by hotels, restaurants, amusement parks, shopping, and tourist attractions. From research, in the year 2001, each tourist visiting Hong Kong spent an average of $4532HKD. This extra spending from tourists leads to a total addition to the gross domestic product of Hong Kong. It also leads to more income by both private and public sectors. As more income is made by private sectors, the government would therefore tend to c ollect more tax revenue. They can use this money to spend of schools and colleges, hospitals, roads and many other services which would benefit us all. When the National Income per capita exceeds the number from the earlier year, we say there is economic growth.Economic GrowthHong Kong, like any other economies grows from booms and suffers from slumps. But in the long term the economy continues to grow. During a boom, the standards of living are high because the unemployment level is low centre everyone has a job to earn money. More money means more spending to satisfy peoples demand and wants. However during a boom, there is also a high inflation rate and a high deficit for the balance of payment. In a slump, or in other words a recession, the standards of living are low because of a high unemployment level. Less people are hired for services meaning less people suck in money to spend for satisfying their needs and wants. But on the other hand, the inflation level is low and th ere is also a low deficit for balance of payment.As you probably know, the impact of SARS on Hong Kong tourism industry has been greatly damaging. During the SARS period, Hong Kong headed into a slump, in other words a recession. When a recession occurs, there are many negative effects to the economy. For example, the standard of living might drop, demand for goods might decrease, high unemployment level, deflation and much more. From the graph below, it clearly shows that during April 2003 to July 2003, the average visitor arrival has dropped magnificently from a monthly average of 1,347,386 to 493,666. This was due to the Severe Acute respiratory Syndrome. Because the tourists were tried their best to avoid nearing not only Hong Kong but the Asian region as well where SARS was most devastating, there was a enormous decrease in the tourism industry in the South East Asian Region. A lot less income was received by the local firms from tourists coming into Hong Kong. Even if tourist s were to visit Hong Kong, they stayed for much shorter periods. However, the tourism industry as shown from below has begun to bounce back earlier than many expected.Attractions offered to Overseas VisitorsHong Kong has known to be The urban center of Life. But has Hong Kong lived to its reputation? Are tourists who visit Hong Kong satisfied by the attractions which Hong Kong has to offer?According to the primary data which I collected from my surveys at variant tourist points. I have found out that most tourists like to visit attractions such as The Peak, Stanley and the Big Buddha located on Lantau Island. These are the iii most popular attractions in Hong Kong. However, the list goes on. Whether its the museums, great restaurants or the exciting nightlife, the Hong Kong tourism association tries their best to guarantee to offer a tourist an haunting experience.Tourist Attractions Hong Kong provides fun-filled experiences for tourists. The top tourist attractions include* Th e Peak rise- The peak tower is definitely the place for tourists to visit if they want to take an overview of the magnificent infrastructures of Hong Kong. The Peak Tower has a wide range of restaurants and food outlets plus novelty shops where visitors can get a souvenir to preserve their memories of their exciting experience. A good humor of reaching The Peak Tower could be taking a ride on the Peak Tram where on the way up, a good overview of Hong Kong could be captured.* Stanley Market The Stanley Market is one of Hong Kongs most popular destinations for overseas visitors. It fulfills a tourists day with both fun-filled shopping and relaxation. The Stanley Market is an open-aired market where souvenirs could be bought at a bargainable price.* The Big Buddha The Big Buddha is located on one of the out lying islands in Lantau. The Big Buddha statue weighs more than 220 tonnes and sits 24.6 meters high opposite the Po Lin Monetary on the hillside of Ngong Ping in Lantau Island. * Ocean Park Ocean Park is the one and only joint zoo and amusement park in Hong Kong. Located in the southern part of Hong Kong, the Park exceeds more than 200 acre of land. Ocean Park provides a mixed experience of education and fun. Built in 1977, it was primarily to grow animal preservation in Hong Kong. Very soon, it became very popular with both tourists and local residents developing into an amusement park. Overtime, the park has been renovated and updated with the top entertainment facilities.Shopping Hong Kong has vainglorious into the reputation for a shopping paradise. The shopping malls such as Times Square and Pacific Place provide tourists with famous designer labels at a reasonable price. On the other hand the open-air market places such as Stanley and Temple Street gives tourists a taste of the ethnical life in Hong Kong as well as providing memorable souvenirs which could be bought at a low price.Cuisine The international city of Hong Kong provides tourists wit h a rich variety of cuisines ranging from Asian dishes to Western buffets. You name it, Hong Kong has it. Restaurants are located everywhere in Hong Kong.* Lan Kwai Fong Lan Kwai Fong is a very popular destination among entry tourists as it provides many western style restaurants along with bars and nightclubs.* Jumbo Floating Restaurant The Jumbo Restaurant is the worlds largest floating restaurant. At anytime, the ship can hold up to 3200 customers and employed with more than 300 staff members. At the Jumbo Restaurant, tourists have a chance to try the sea-food of which local residents would normally eat. beside Cities The neighboring cities of Hong Kong, including Macau and Shenzhen adds to a tourists to-do list during their visit to Hong Kong. Tourists can take advantage of the convenient transportation to and from these cities.What needs to be improved and how can this be do? What is being done already and how successful has it been?Although Hong Kong already has sufficien t top tourist attractions, in order for them to lure tourists into come again, many things have to be done and improved. For example, improve the quality of the provided attractions or even to build new landmarks. In the past few years, the Hong Kong Government has schemened to develop quint major tourism clusters in the territory with a view to enhancing the attractiveness of Hong Kong as a premier tourist destination. The five tourism clusters cover a wide range of projects, which are at various stages of development. A number of enhancement projects are being carried out to give a facelift to the lively popular tourist areas including the Central and Western District, Sai Kung waterfront and Lei Yue Mun. Other improvement schemes coming on stream include those at the Tsim Sha Tsui Promenade, Stanley waterfront and the Peak. Visitor signage is being installed in all 18 districts to make Hong Kong more tourists friendly.A number of major projects are also under way. Phase 1 of Hong Kong Disneyland, Tung Chung Cable political machine and Hong Kong Wetland Park are all scheduled for completion in 2005. To enrich the heritage tourism products, the Government has awarded to the private sector the development right to have-to doe with and convert the former Marine Police Headquarters (MPHQ) meld into a tourism-themed development.Planning work is being conducted for the development of the south-east Kowloon tourism node, the integrated arts, cultural and entertainment district at West Kowloon Reclamation and the preservation and conservation of the Central Police Station, Victoria Prison and the former Central Magistracy compound into a heritage-themed development.The Hong Kong Government is also working with the Ocean Park in the strategic development plan of the park, which will form the basis for the development plan of the Aberdeen Harbour tourism node. Also taking forward a Harbour Lighting Plan to enhance the night vista of Victoria Harbour with the us e of modern, energy efficient technology.The promotion of tourism is not simply about eddy of new facilities. The Government has not lost sight of the fact that Hong Kongs traditions, crack visitors a fascinating insight into Hong Kong and Chinese history by providing museums and otherThe HKTB also offers a culture and lifestyle experience program called Cultural Kaleidoscope, enabling visitors to try out tai chi and kung fu, or appreciate the arts of Cantonese opera, Chinese tea preparation, Chinese antiques and feng shui.With the building of the Worlds third Disney theme park extraneous the United States, millions of people are sure to want to have a taste of the action. Tourists who have visited Hong Kong once already would probably come back again to visit this new theme park. This project would surely attract more overseas tourists to transit to Hong Kong. Mr. Donald Tsang, the financial secretary spoke of the many benefits to Hong Kongs economy from this Disneyland project .He describes the project as an infrastructure investment and he said it would cause returns not only for the government, but for ordinary people who are operating restaurants in Hong Kong. Our hotels will benefit. Our tourist industry will benefit. Our airlines will benefit. And all the retail shops will benefit as a result of more tourists coming to Hong Kong. The construction of the new Disney Land will definitely bring more tourists into Hong Kong by 2005. Although the Park is mainly aimed at mainland Chinese tourists rather than western tourists, mainland Chinese tourists already make up more than 85% of the total visiting tourist.The Hong Kong Government has also planned many campaigns recently after the SARS period to ascending its economy. The campaigns included the Hong Kong Super Draw and the Harbour Fest.Through August and September, the Hong Kong government held a Super Draw campaign to encourage spending within both local residents and tourists. The draw allows a chanc e to prizes totaling up to $15 million. To enter the super draw, participants must spend at least $100 in lead different areas dining, shopping and transport. For each $100 they spend, they will be given a stamp. A collection of all three stamps will be bailable to enter the super draw.The second campaign which the government held after the SARS crisis was Harbour Fest. The Harbour Fest is music festival featuring both International and Local pop stars. The aim was to attract tourists to visit Hong Kong to watch this fantastic music festival. It also tries to prove to people that Hong Kong is now SARs free and would rise again to be one of the top international tourist destinations.On July 27th 2003, the Hong Kong Stadium hosted a football match between the top class English premier League team Liverpool and the Hong Kong National Football Team. Following this event, the less than 2 weeks later, it again hosted another football match against the even more famous true Madrid as th e Government-sponsored mega-events of the Relaunch Hong Kong campaign.The Hong Kong Government has raised all these campaigns to prove that Hong Kong is now SARs free and is capable of hosting international mega events.ConclusionIn conclusion, the government has done a great job trying to boost its tourism industry especially after the SARS epidemics. In the meantime, it has raised many campaigns and promoted Hong Kongs tourism in various ways. As most Hong Kongs economist predicted, the tourism industry in Hong Kong will hopefully bounce back to its original state by the end of 2003.