Agricultural Climate Adaptation: Pakistan Wheat Industry

countrified Climate Adaptation Pakistan pale yellow Industry rude Climate Adaptation planA Case Study of Pakistan wheat berry intentnessLubna Naz1.0Introduction1.1 Global heating plant as a result of humor change is projecting spunkyer temperature and unpredicted pelting pattern coupled with extreme events like flash floods and storm. This never seen before phenomena would be a brat to mankind in all sphere of life if no bewitch actions are taken. As elaborated in the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of IPCC (2007), the just temperature of the globe has risen to 0.6C between the year 1901 to 2000 and bequeath projected to increase more by 1.8-3.4 C by the end of this century.1.2 Agriculture among the mingled empyrean of the saving of Pakistan is considered to be the most fragile sector to the unexpected changes in the clime that not only run the bar of its production and musical note but excessively put pressure on the availability of natural resources needed for the development of agriculture sector. Concurrently, wheat being an important agricultural industry for the economy of Pakistan is not spared from the effects of climate change. As a matter of concern, it is fundamental for all associates of the industry together with policy and decision makers to work forth an rendering strategy on how to overcome the negative move of climate change and continue to remain a competitive sector. Successful and effective interpretation pass judgments will need both strategic and tactical approach that based on best practices to cope with the adverse effect of climate change. Furthermore, an efficient cover and monitoring will also be needed in order to have better evaluation of the adapted practices that whether they are effective in arbitrary and minimizing the unfortunate impact of climate change.1.3 The rise in temperature, unpredicted rainfall coupled with the increase intensity of extreme events such as drought and straining all have signifi cant impact on the wheat industry in Pakistan. High Rainfall results in flood, water supplylogged condition and hail ill-use that negatively affect the wheat production. As a consequence, infe come out of plant louse, pest and diseases outbreaks and result in severe damage and in some cases even send off crop loss. Similarly, increase in temperature also negatively affects the yield of the wheat and cause major economic loss in Pakistan. As inform by Rasul et al. (2011) the rise in temperature greatly centerd the wheat yield in Pakistan particularly at sowing time and impress filling period. Furthermore, Rawson and Macpherson (2000) also reported that wheat crop destroyed faster in waterlogged conditions and as a consequence seedlings of wheat die within two days and thus resulted in low yield. Apart from the low yield other identified impact of climate change on wheat industry is descend in GDP, lower in foreign exchange, effect policy making, penalties by buyer for unable to supply the required amount of wheat grains, difficulty in transportation, outspread of insect and pest, affect the livelihood of the farmers and as consequence disturb the economy of the country. Many potential adaption measures such as crop management practices, new varieties, crop whirling and water management are used in wheat industry in Pakistan. However, these practices need to be customized, improve or incorporated in incompatible ways to cope with the adverse effect of climate change.2.0 Adaptation planAppropriate adaption plan is required in the wheat industry to belittle and prevent the damage caused by the adverse effect of climate change and increase the production and yield of the crop. Well planned and early reading strategies will not only save cost of production and cultivation techniques but in long term save millions of lives that depend on agriculture sector for their livelihood and employment. The adaptation strategies are needed at all levels of administ ration like local, theatrical roleal and national. Therefore the objective of this paper is to set up an adaptation and mitigation plan for wheat industry in Pakistan to eradicate or minimize the challenges caused by high temperature, unpredicted rainfall and extreme weather condition.2.1 governing body involvement Pakistan is signatory to 15 Multilateral Environmental Agreements which is in the first place related to climate change, biodiversity and rehabilitation. On the basis of its international commitments, Pakistan established a number of policies, projects and exemplar to reduce the environmental hazards such as guinea pig Disaster management Authority, Global Change Impact Study Centre and Task Force on Climate Change. However, the country is still in the hunt for further international assistance and support (khan et al. 2013). The government of Pakistan together with all the agencies involved should focus on capacity building, circulation of funds and technology, resea rch for agriculture development, institution and framework and therefore, develop effective adaptation strategies and policies to reduce the vulnerability of wheat industry regarding changes in climate.2.2New make program2.2.1As describe earlier, temperature and rainfall both has devastating effect on wheat grain yield in Pakistan. Successful and productive plant training program is needed to be adapted to enhance the production and yield. The temperature is projected to increase in the northern expanses of Pakistan coupled with high rainfall, in such area slow maturing cultivars having greater heat requirement should be planted that have positive effect on the photosynthetic activity of wheat. However, the region with the high temperature and decrease rainfall (arid and semi arid plains of Pakistan) the wheat cultivars having early flowering characteristics with wide row spacing should be sown as this will allow grain formation in water-cooled part of the year (Van Ittersum et al. 2003). Moreover, seed with good crop establishment, early hybrid vigour, responsive to increase in carbon dioxide niggardliness and ability to retain flower in windy and hot climate is needed to be planted (Richards 2002). Iqbal et al. (2009) also reported that crop varieties kind to high temperature and of short duration should be planted in order to minimize the adverse impact of high temperature.2.2.2 High temperature is expected to reduce the take a chance of frosting and increase the grain yield. Therefore, wheat should be sown earlier so that plant can set up the grain formation in the cooler period when there is low risk of frost (Howden et al. 1999). Iqbal et al. (2009) also reported that alternative sowing dates should be used to avoid the adverse impact of high temperature on the crop at the time of sowing or other sensitive growth stages.2.1.3 The climate change favours the infestation of insect, pest and diseases which lowered the yield of the crop. The best meas ure is to use integrated pest management strategy and Area Wide Management that is the coordination of the farmers and the policy makers of the entire areas. Furthermore, the use of genetically modified crop resistant to peat and disease should be introduced and cultural practices need to be modified such as mixed cropping and crop rotation to reduce the spread of disease (Stokes Howden 2008).Pakistan Agricultural research and development sector is focusing on all these strategies and development of new varieties of wheat to reduce the risk of climate change.2.3Crop rotation and management heterogeneous crop management practices can be used to reduce the risk of the wheat crop to environmental hazards. Such as in case of sedate rainfall the growers need to adapt the zero tillage practices so as to have greater infiltration. Avoid compaction of the soil by farm, machines, human and lineage traffic (Easterling et al, 2007). However, in poor rainfall areas of Pakistan wide rows and skip row planting should be practiced to increase the yield and stability of the wheat. Hammer et al. (1996) reported that the timing, variety of the crop and rate of fertilizer application should be based on the seasonal rainfall and available soil moisture and alimental cloy of the soil. Furthermore, use of modern agriculture technology like laser land levelling and crop diversification should also be included into consideration.2.4Milling quality2.4.1 Wheat grain contain high level of protein content such as durum wheat but increasing level of carbon dioxide in the standard pressure negatively affect protein content and hence reduce its flour quality. However, the step-down depend on the choice of cultivar selected and amount of nitrogen fertiliser applied (Rogers et al, 1998). To swan the nitrogen content of the wheat grain, increase use of leguminous crop or increase use of nitrogen fertilizer need to be pick out (Hayman and Alston 1999). The growers should continuously m onitor the nitrogen content of the paddock and should be well aware of the nitrogen management in the cropping system. Furthermore, nitrogen leaching, poor crop vigour, high rainfall during grain filling all contribute to decrease in protein content of the grain. Appropriate breeding program and effective policies is needed to enhance the quality of the harvest.2.4.2 During the previous(prenominal) 60 years there has been tremendous increase in flour mills in Pakistan. Starting with 19 flour mills, currently, 915 mills are work in Pakistan. It is therefore proposed that instead of having too many flour mills, only few huge mills should be accomplished which will positively affect the economy of the country.2.5land and Water resource Management2.5.1 Water is enormously important for agriculture sector of Pakistan and it economy, which depends on the scarce natural resources. The agricultural sector of Pakistan mainly depends on Indus river system (IRS) for 90% of its irrigation (Pi racha and Majeed 2011). However, this natural resource is getting scarce with the time and proper water management practices should be reformed under the preponderance of climate change. According to Sayed (2008), the National Water Policy of the country has made a transparent and rational institutional framework policy to meet the demands of the twenty dollar bill first century. Moreover, the Integrated Water Management Approach is also implemented based that is based on the utilization of both surface and ground water. The fountain also mentions that reallocation of water at the provincial level by balancing water availability to cropping system is one of the important task of the National Water Policy. Furthermore, gibe to Iqbal et al. (2009) present irrigation system of Pakistan need be customised to maximise the water use efficiency and appropriate irrigation technology should be used. Furthermore, the author also mentions that alteration in row spacing and the use of drought tolerant varieties need to be used to minimize the loss of water. The construction of small dams and checks on the Indus River and its tributaries would increase storage of water and decrease the severity of floods.2.5.2The unpredicted rainfall, rise in temperature and carbon dioxide concentration negative affect the composition of soil. The loss of nutrient such is phosphorus and nitrogen through surface runoff and leaching negatively affect the growth of the wheat. As reported by Hayman and Alston 1999 proper amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be added to the paddock in order to have good crop establishment. Moreover, proper soil management practices should be adopted to minimise the risk of surface runoff and leaching.2.6Transport infrastructureHike in temperature as well as increase intensity and frequency of extreme events such as heavy rain, snowfall and flood have substantial impact on the transport infrastructure of Pakistan and cause severe destruction of railways, roads , shipping and airports. hard-hitting adaptation measures should be taken to increase the resilience of infrastructure and this could be done by two ways. The first one is to construct the new infrastructure according to the magnitude and sensitivity of the particular area to the present and future predicted climate. Secondly the existing infrastructure should be made more resistant to changing climate by retrofitting and continues monitoring and maintenance.2.7Seasonal weather forecastAs reported by Iqbal et al. (2009) the advance seasonal forecast is one of the best options to take appropriate adaptive measures. Furthermore, Crimp et al. (2006) also elaborated that using climate information (seasonal forecast) in conjunction with system analysis producer can significantly reduce various risks. On the basis of weather forecast, farmers need to adopt different operations. Such as if forecast is about the drier weather the farmers need to expend split application of some of nitroge n fertilizer to ensure good planting, and also maximize no till area. But if the forecast is about steamy season then farmers should sow the wheat earlier and apply fungicide to minimize the effect of leaf disease of wheat (Meinke and Hochman, 2000).2.8Disaster risk reductionUnpredicted pattern of monsoon rain and melting of glacier due to rise in temperature increase the level of water in the Indus Delta of Pakistan and subsequently these phenomena result in flooding. Effective strategic plan is required to maintain the continuous and balance water flow in the river and to meet the future demands of the society. As reported by gallant et al. (2008) expansion of the natural reservoir capacity is needed in order to decrease the risk of flooding and drought and to address the consequent decrease in the river flow after all glacier have been melted. Moreover, the authors also mention that the reservoir should also be expanded in order provide the minimum water flow to the sea to prev ent the intrusion of the water into the Indus delta region and to meet the future needs of the water.2.9Economy and Financial institution2.9.1 As stated earlier, Pakistan economy largely depends on agriculture sector and wheat is the main staple crop of the country. The decrease in yield and quality of wheat has negative impact on the economy of Pakistan. In order to minimise the burden on the economy of Pakistan, development of new policies and appropriate measures to be implemented that could help in eradicating the hazards and catching the positive effects of climate.2.9.2 Loan policies of financial institution can greatly limit the option for the growers to adjust farm management practices in light of change. These financial institutions may have to change their policies according to the needs of the farmer and predicted changes in the environment. Moreover, they should support and educate the farmers about onward selling and play creative role the industry.3.0Barriers to adap tation strategies3.1 Pakistan being an agriculture country is extremely vulnerable to climate change. However, Pakistan does not have the proper monitoring and screening system for the expectancy of extreme events like flood, storm or changes in the climate that makes the development of short term adaptation strategies and mitigation measures immensely difficult. Although several weather station are working in different parts of the countries, but still due to the diverse topography some significant region are left exposed (Climate Risk Adaptation Profile 2011). Moreover, the existing findings proposed that Karakorum glacier are expanding but these finding are based on the restrictive information of glacier snouts and suggest that loss of cumulus in Karakorum glacier reduce the quality and availability of water. As reported by to Sheik et al. (2008), there is a lack of current knowledge and evaluation techniques on the effect of climate change on the Hindu Kush region and lack of understanding and model assessment of glacier melting pattern and flow of water in Indus River. All these need to be address in order to have better evaluation of the problem. Moreover, the Hunza river basin has no meteorological station that severely simplicity the utilization of Model River flows under climate change.ReferencesPiracha, A., and Majeed, Z. (2011). Water Use in Pakistans Agricultural Sector Water Conservation under the Changed Climatic Conditions. supranational Journal of Water Resources and Arid Environments 1(3) 170-179.Climate Risk and Adaptation country profile. (2011). Vulnerability, risk reduction and adaptation to climate change Pakistan. Global facility for casualty reduction and recovery.Crimp S, Gaydon D, Howden M, Hall, C, Poulton P, Hochman Z. (2006) Managing Natural Resource Issues in a Variable and Changing Climate. Final Report to Land and Water Australia, Managing Climate Variability Program. pp86.Easterling, W.E., Aggarwal,P.K., Batima,P., Brande r,K.M,. Erda, L., Howden, S.M., Kirilenko, A., Morton, J., Soussana,J.F., Schmidhuber, J., and Tubiello, F.N.(2007) Food, fictitious character and forest products. Climate Change 2007. Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.Hammer, G.L., Holzworth, D.P. and Stone, R. (1996) The value of skill in seasonal forecasting to wheat crop management in a region with high climatic variability. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 47 717-737.Howden, S.M., Reyenga, P.J., and Meinke, H. (1999) Global Change Impacts on Australian Wheat Cropping. Report to the Australian Greenhouse Office. CSIRO Wildlife and Ecology Working Paper 99/04, Canberra, pp121.IPCC (2007) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), Climate Change 2007, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Iqbal, M.M., Arif, Goherr, M. A., and Khan, A. M. (2009). Climate-change aspersions on food security of Pakistan. A scientific ledger of COMSATS science VISION. Vol.15 (1).Khan, F., Ahmad, A, and Atta-ur-Rehman. (2013). Tracking Adaptation and Measuring Development (TAMD) in Pakistan. Appraisal and Design Phase Report.Meinke, H. and Hochman, Z. 2000. Using seasonal climate forecasts to manage dryland crops in northern Australia. In Hammer, G.L., Nicholls, N., Mitchell C. (eds.) Applications of seasonal climate forecasting in agriculture and natural ecosystems The Australian experience. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, p 149-165.Rasul, G., Chaudhry, Q. Z., Mahmood, A., and Hyder, K. W. (2011). Effect of Temperature Rise on Crop Growth Productivity. pakistan journal of meteorology, 8 (15).Rawson, H. M., and Macpherson, H. G. (2000). Irrigated Wheat Managing Your Crop. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. pp 27-28.Rogers,G.S., Gras P.W., Batey I.L., Milham P.J., Payne, L., and Conroy, J.P. (1998) The influence of atmospheric CO2 concentration on the protein, starch and mixing properties of wheat flour. Aust J Plant Physiology 25387-393.Richards, R.A. (2002). Current and emerging environmental challenges in Australian agriculture- the role of plant breeding. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 881-892.Sheikh, M. M., Iqbal, M. M., Ali, G., and Khan, A. M. (2008). Global warming in the context of Pakistan major concerns and remedial strategies. Symposium on Changing Environmental Pattern and its impact with Special Focus on Pakistan.Stokes, C.J., and Howden, S.M. (2008). An overview of climate change adaptation in Australian primary industries impacts, options and priorities. Report prepared for the National Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries.Sayed, A.H. (2008). Climate change and its realities for Pakistan. Manager Policy, freshwater World Wide Fund for Nature, Pakistan. Symposium on Changing Environmental Pattern and its impact with Special Focus on Pakistan.van Ittersum, M.K., Howden, S.M., Asseng, S. (2003) Sensitivity of productivity and late drainage of wheat cropping systems in a Mediterra nean environment to changes in CO2, temperature and precipitation, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 97255-273.

Morals and Values in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay -- The Lotter

Morals and Values in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson In Shirley Jacksons, The Lottery, benignant morals and values are thrown away all for the pride of providening something. What is it that they really win? When you win the draftsmanship in this story, you actually win death by stoning. Isnt that ironic, people actually being competitive and getting excited about death in public. What morals or values do these people really have, and how are they different from what common society is thought today? The first to gather in the square on the day of the lottery are the children. The children, sweet, innocent children who do not know any better and are only taking part in this cruelty because they view it as a fun game. Then the adults begin to gather in the square. They are older and wiser, knowing what is to become of that one invididual whose name is drawn. They know of the agony that awaits them, scarce they have been taught to believe in it, sot ehy continue to partic ipate even if it means they are the chosen one. These adults are so caught up in customs duty that they do not s...

Comparing Women in Anna Akhmatova’s Lot’s Wife, Crucifixion, and Rache

Powerful Women in Anna Akhmatovas Lots Wife, Crucifixion, and RachelBut Lots married woman looked hind end behind him, and she became a pillar of salt (New Geneva Study Bible, Gen. 19. 26). Among them were Mary Magdalene, Mary (the mother of James and Joseph), and Zebedees wife, the mother of James and John (Matt. 2756). Jacob went over to the well and rolled away the st single and watered his uncles flock. Then Jacob kissed Rachel, and tears came to his eyesBut when Jacob woke up in the morning it was Leah What sort of pasquinade is this? Jacob raged at Laban. I worked seven-spot years for Rachel. What do you mean by this trickery? (Gen. 29). These are among the few verses dedicated to three women of the Bible. No commentary or insight into their inner persons is given. Lots wife turned into a pillar of salt, Mary was present at her sons crucifixion, and Rachels old sister took her place in the marriage bed. Plain and simple, these are the cold, hard facts. In her poems Lots Wife, Crucifixion, and Rachel, Anna Akhmatova breathes life into these women by delving into their emotions and painting a movie of them in their surroundings.The Biblical account of Rachel and Jacobs relations gives only the details of their encounters and the fact that Jacob loved Rachel so much that he was willing to work for seven years in order to have her as his wife. When he is deceived and takes Leah instead, the Bible makes no mention of Rachels feelings, which were undoubtedly overpowering. The beautiful young daughter, Rachel, who is stabbed in the back by her sister and father, demands more detail how deeply did this deception affect her? Through imagery, use of detail, and figurative language Akhmatova begins to op... ...tegrating as her legs were stuck to the ground. The last stanza despairs that that no one mourned the death of this woman who dies for the love of her home and emphasizes that women like Lots wife should not be forgotten.Masterfully, Anna Ak hmatova takes three flat women from the pages of the Bible and paints their deepest emotions. These three women merited to have their inner hearts revealed, and delicately, Akhmatova justifies them to her readers. In her readers minds, Mary, Lots wife, and Rachel are no longer objective women, but true-to-life women who suffer pressing trials. kit and boodle CitedAkhmatova, Anna. Rachel. Trans. D. M. Thomas.Anna Akhmatova Selected Poems. New York Penguin, 1985. New Geneva Study Bible. New King James Version. Nashville Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1995.PID 80471Marlow Engl. 12. Sect. 37

Castles :: essays research papers

Castles motivate us of a time that was full of adventureand romance. Castles remind us of a time in history in which there was a lack of government and order. Although therewas not mass confusion and anarchy, there was less order.Castles were the basis of feudalism. Castles can be seen as amanifestation of feudal society. Feudalism started with therise of rooks and ended with their end. The castle set thetone as the only homestead that nobility would live in duringthis time. Castles were influenced by and influenced many chivalrous cathedrals in Europe. Although castles servedmany purposes, their primary purpose was military. At thattime, people were not protected by merely shutting andloc superpower a regular wooden door. They needed the protectionof castles and their knights. The lords and constables ofcastles needed serfs to work the land to make receipts inorder to pay rent to the more important nobles. Given thefollowing evidence, it is relatively obvious why castles andcas tle building played an instrumental role in the developmentof Western Europe. Castles are unique to a time in historyknown as medieval times. The word medieval in our times isan insult to anything as is the word feudal. Through the hazeand ruins, one can imagine dungeons, chivalrous knights, andmighty Lords who ruled the land and protected the commonpeasant from barbarians and other invaders. The rise ofcastles marked the rise of feudalism. This was all started bythe crusades. The majority of the knights and nobles went toliberate the holy land from the Moslems. The Crusadesinfluenced castle builders back in Europe. Ideas weregathered from Muslim and Byzantine fortifications. Becauseof the lack of protection in Europe, a castles strengthneeded to be increased because of the ever-present threat ofa Muslim invasion. The end of Feudalism also marked theend of the middle ages and hence the end of the great castleera. Castles integrated the combination of residence andfortress. The fir st castle dates back to King Sargon II ofKhorsabad in ancient Egypt. He erected a grand palace forhimself to protect him and his subjects. The first recordedreferences to castles was the Edict of Pistes by Charles theBald, king of the West Franks. "We will and expresslycommand that whoever at this time has made castles andfortifications and enclosures without our out permission shallhave them demolished by the First of August" (Browncomputer architecture of Castles 13). Other castle laws were theNorman Institutions handed down by William the Conquerorafter he took over England. One law says that no one shall

Essay --

According to the film Too Big Too Fail the cause of the crash was from home loanings. Which in the case banks started to give out loans to concourse that owned homes. Giving out loan to homeowners the banks started to gain a lot of money. Later on in the process the owners of the banks began to go overboard by bragging(a) out more loans. And since the banks were lending out more loans , homeowners thought they could knuckle under it.Reasons why the accommodate market crashed according to the film was because banks gave homeowners loans even if they could not afford it. The banks had their pride set to high, because they never thought that the housing market would ever crash or go down, so they invested securities in wall street. So the banks bought indemnity on consumer loans. Which consumer loan is a loan that establishes consumer credit that is granted for personal use, usually unsecured and based on the borrowers integrity and ability to pay (Free Dictionary). When the housi ng market dropped the homeowners could not pay the banks their money back. In which the insurance companies could not pay...

DNA :: Deoxyribonucleic Acid essays research papers

deoxyribonucleic acidDNA, or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is described, in Encarta Encyclopedia as a heritable material of all cellular organisms and closely viruses. DNA carries the information needed to direct protein synthesis and replication. Protein synthesis is the production of the proteins needed by the cell or virus for its activities and development. Replication is the process by which DNA copies itself for each descendant cell or virus, passing on the information needed for protein synthesis. In most cellular organisms, DNA is organized on chromosomes located in the nucleus of the cell.A molecule of DNA consists of two chains, strands composed of a large routine of al-Qaidas, that are linked together to form a chain. These chains look like a twisted ladder and are called a double helix. each(prenominal) nucleotide consists of three units sugar molecules called deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and unmatched of four different nitrogen containing compounds, also called bases . The four are adenine (A), guanine (G), tetraiodothyronine (T), and cytosine (C). The deoxyribose molecule occupies the center of the nucleotide, with the phosphate group on one side and a base on the other. The phosphate group of each nucleotide is also linked to the deoxyribose of the adjacent nucleotide in the chain. These linked deoxyribose-phosphate subunits form the side rails of the ladder. The bases face inward toward each other, forming the steps of the ladder.The nucleotides in one DNA strand have a specific association with the corresponding nucleotides in the other DNA strand. Because of the chemical affinity of the bases, nucleotides containing adenine are everlastingly paired with nucleotides containing thymine, and nucleotides containing cytosine are always paired with nucleotides containing guanine. The complementary bases are joined to each other by weak chemical bonds called hydrogen bonds.DNA carries the instructions for the production of proteins. A protein is composed of smaller molecules called amino acids, and the structure and function of the protein is determined by the sequence of its amino acids. The sequence of amino acids, in turn, is determined by the sequence of nucleotide bases in the DNA. A sequence of three nucleotide bases, called a triplet, is the genetic code word, or codon, that specifies a special(prenominal) amino acid. For instance, the triplet GAC (guanine, adenine, and cytosine) is the codon for the amino acid leucine, and the triplet CAG (cytosine, adenine, and guanine) is the codon for the amino acid valine.

Progress or Alienation :: Technology Scientific Technological Essays

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